Development Support Document Final September 2, 2016 Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds CAS Registry Numbers: Cadmium 7440-43-9 Cadmium Carbonate 513-78-0 Cadmium Chloride 10108-64-2 Cadmium Oxide 1306-19-0 Cadmium Sulfate 10124-36-4 Cadmium Sulfide 1306-23-6 Prepared by Joseph T. Haney, Jr., M.S. Toxicology Division Office of the Executive Director TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ I LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................. III CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 MAJOR USES OR SOURCES AND AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS ............................... 5 2.1 MAJOR USES AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Uses ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 AMBIENT AIR LEVELS AND OTHER EXPOSURES .................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 3 ACUTE EVALUATION ...................................................................................................................... 7 ACUTE 3.1 HEALTH-BASED ACUTE 1-H REV AND ESL .................................................................................................. 8 3.1.1 Physical/Chemical Properties ..................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Key and Supporting Studies for 1-h ReV ..................................................................................................... 9 3.1.2.1 Key Study (Graham et al. 1978) ............................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2.2 Supporting Studies ................................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2.3 Consideration of Developmental/Reproductive Effects ...................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 Mode-of-Action (MOA) Analysis and Dose Metric ................................................................................... 12 3.1.4 Dosimetric Adjustments for Graham et al. (1978) .................................................................................... 15 3.1.4.1 Default Exposure Duration Adjustment .............................................................................................................. 15 3.1.4.2 Default Dosimetry Adjustment from Animal-to-Human Exposure ..................................................................... 16 3.1.4.3 Calculation of the PODHEC .................................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.5 Critical Effect and Adjustments of the PODHEC ........................................................................................ 17 acute 3.1.6 Health-Based Acute 1-h ReV and ESL ................................................................................................. 17 3.2 HEALTH-BASED ACUTE 24-H REV .................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Key and Supporting Studies for 24-h ReV ................................................................................................. 18 3.2.1.1 Key Study (NTP 1995) ........................................................................................................................................ 19 3.2.1.2 Other Studies ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1.3 Consideration of Developmental/Reproductive Effects ...................................................................................... 20 3.2.2 MOA Analysis and Dose Metric ................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.3 Dosimetric Adjustments for NTP (1995) ................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3.1 Exposure Duration Adjustment ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3.2 Default Dosimetry Adjustment from Animal-to-Human Exposure ..................................................................... 21 3.2.3.3 Calculation of the PODHEC .................................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.4 Critical Effect and Adjustments of the PODHEC ........................................................................................ 23 3.2.5 Health-Based Acute 24-h ReV ................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.6 Comparison of Results .............................................................................................................................. 25 3.3 WELFARE-BASED ACUTE ESLS ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Odor Perception ........................................................................................................................................ 25 3.3.2 Vegetation Effects...................................................................................................................................... 26 3.4 ACUTE VALUES FOR AIR PERMITTING AND AIR MONITORING EVALUATIONS ................................................... 26 3.5 ACUTE AND SUBACUTE INHALATION OBSERVED ADVERSE EFFECT LEVELS ..................................................... 26 3.5.1 Acute Inhalation Observed Adverse Effect Level ...................................................................................... 26 3.5.2 Subacute Inhalation Observed Adverse Effect Level ................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER 4 CHRONIC EVALUATION............................................................................................................... 27 4.1 NONCARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL ........................................................................................................................ 27 4.1.1 Key Studies ................................................................................................................................................ 29 Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds Page ii 4.1.1.1 Consideration of Developmental/Reproductive Effects ...................................................................................... 29 4.1.2 Evaluation of Potential PODs ................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.3 MOA Analysis and Dose Metric ................................................................................................................ 32 4.1.4 POD, Critical Effect, and Dosimetric Adjustments ................................................................................... 32 4.1.5 Adjustments of the POD ............................................................................................................................ 33 chronic 4.1.6 Health-Based Chronic ReV and ESL ................................................................................................. 34 4.1.7 Comparison of Results .............................................................................................................................. 35 4.2 CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL ............................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.1 Weight of Evidence (WOE) and Classifications ........................................................................................ 36 4.2.2 Carcinogenic MOA ................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.3 Carcinogenic Dose-Response Assessment ................................................................................................ 40 4.2.3.1 Default Linear Low-Dose Extrapolation Approach ............................................................................................ 41 4.2.3.1.1 Key Study and Cancer Endpoint ................................................................................................................. 41 4.2.3.1.2 Dose Metric and Dose-Response Data .......................................................................................................