Advance Draft* Guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants December 2004 * This draft was developed by the Expert Group on Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) established by the sixth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for an International Instrument for Implementing International Action on Certain on Persistent Organic Pollutants in June 2002 to develop guidelines on BAT and provisional guidance on BEP for consideration by the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants at its first meeting (ref.: UNEP/POPS/INC.6/22, paragraph 75 and annex VII). The draft was endorsed by the Expert Group at its third session in October 2004 but it noted that while BAT and BEP for many of the specific source categories were complete or very well advanced, others needed additional work (UNEP/POPS/EGB.3/3, paragraph 58). This draft is provided in English in advance of the release of the document in March 2004 in all of the official United Nations languages as a pre-session document for the first meeting of the COP from 2-6 May 2005. Table of contents SECTION I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 I.A. PURPOSE............................................................................................................................................. 2 I.B. STRUCTURE OF DOCUMENT AND USING GUIDELINES AND GUIDANCE................................................ 3 I.C. CHEMICALS LISTED IN ANNEX C: DEFINITION, RISKS, TOXICITY....................................................... 4 I.D. ARTICLE 5 AND ANNEX C OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION .......................................................... 8 I.E. RELATIONSHIP TO THE BASEL CONVENTION ................................................................................... 13 SECTION II. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES IN THE APPLICATION OF BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES......................................................................................................................... 15 II.A. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES IN THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ......................................... 16 II.B. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES FOR NEW SOURCES: A CHECKLIST APPROACH ........................ 17 II.C. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ......................................................... 19 SECTION III. BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES AND BEST ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES: GUIDANCE, PRINCIPLES AND CROSS-CUTTING CONSIDERATIONS.......................................... 21 III.A. GUIDANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 22 III.B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES....................................................................................................................... 24 III.C. CROSS-CUTTING CONSIDERATIONS: ................................................................................................. 26 (i) Chemicals listed in Annex C: Formation mechanisms .............................................................. 26 (ii) Waste management considerations ............................................................................................ 28 (iii) Management of flue gas and other residues .............................................................................. 32 (iv) Training of decision makers and technical personnel............................................................... 42 (v) Testing, monitoring and reporting of releases........................................................................... 43 SECTION IV. COMPILATION OF SUMMARIES................................................................................. 45 IV. COMPILATION OF SUMMARIES OF SECTIONS V AND VI............................................................................ 46 SUMMARIES BY SOURCE CATEGORIES – PART II OF ANNEX C ....................................................................... 46 V.A. Waste incinerators...................................................................................................................... 46 V.B. Cement kilns firing hazardous waste ......................................................................................... 47 V.C. Production of pulp using elemental chlorine or chemicals generating elemental chlorine..... 48 V.D Thermal processes in the metallurgical industry: ..................................................................... 48 SUMMARIES BY SOURCE CATEGORIES – PART III OF ANNEX C...................................................................... 49 VI.A. Open burning of waste, including burning of landfill sites ....................................................... 49 VI.B. Thermal processes in the metallurgical industry not mentioned in Annex C, Part II: ............. 50 VI.C. Residential combustion sources ................................................................................................. 51 VI.D. Fossil fuel-fired utility and industrial boilers............................................................................ 52 VI.E. Firing installations for wood and other biomass fuels.............................................................. 52 VI.F. Specific chemical production processes releasing chemicals listed in Annex C ...................... 53 VI.G. Crematoria................................................................................................................................. 53 VI.H. Motor vehicles, particularly those burning leaded gasoline.................................................... 53 VI.I. Destruction of animal carcasses ................................................................................................ 54 VI.J. Textile and leather dyeing and finishing.................................................................................... 54 VI.K. Shredder plants for the treatment of end-of-life vehicles ......................................................... 54 VI.L. Smouldering of copper cables ....................................................................................................55 VI.M. Waste oil refineries..................................................................................................................... 55 SECTION V. GUIDANCE/GUIDELINES BY SOURCE CATEGORY: SOURCE CATEGORIES IN PART II OF ANNEX C...............................................................................................................................57 V.A. WASTE INCINERATORS .....................................................................................................................58 (i) Municipal solid waste, hazardous waste and sewage sludge ....................................................58 (ii) Medical waste..............................................................................................................................82 V.B. CEMENT KILNS FIRING HAZARDOUS WASTE ...................................................................................101 V.C. PRODUCTION OF PULP USING ELEMENTAL CHLORINE OR CHEMICALS GENERATING ELEMENTAL CHLORINE ......................................................................................................................................................116 V.D. THERMAL PROCESSES IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY ............................................................127 (i) Secondary copper production...................................................................................................127 (ii) Sinter plants in the iron and steel industry...............................................................................135 (iii) Secondary aluminium production.............................................................................................146 (iv) Secondary zinc production........................................................................................................154 SECTION VI. GUIDANCE/GUIDELINES BY SOURCE CATEGORY SOURCE CATEGORIES IN PART III OF ANNEX C...........................................................................................................................161 VI.A. OPEN BURNING OF WASTE, INCLUDING BURNING OF LANDFILL SITES............................................162 VI.B. THERMAL PROCESSES IN THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY NOT MENTIONED IN ANNEX C, PART II 173 (i) Secondary lead production .......................................................................................................173 (ii) Primary aluminium production ................................................................................................181 (iii) Magnesium production .............................................................................................................191 (iv) Secondary steel production.......................................................................................................201 (v) Primary base metals smelting...................................................................................................214 VI.C. RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION SOURCES.............................................................................................224 VI.D. FOSSIL FUEL FIRED UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL BOILERS .................................................................235 VI.E. FIRING INSTALLATIONS