Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. An exploration of the perceived friendship, social support and Title understanding of empathy among the membership of four Gaelic Athletic Association juvenile clubs Author(s) Hogan, Conor Publication Date 2020-11-02 Publisher NUI Galway Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16258 Downloaded 2021-09-26T11:31:43Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. An Exploration of the Perceived Friendship, Social Support and Understanding of Empathy among the Membership of Four Gaelic Athletic Association Juvenile Clubs. A thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD to National University of Ireland, Galway. Conor Hogan Professor Pat Dolan, Supervisor School of Political Science and Sociology, College of Arts, Social Sciences and Celtic Studies, National University of Ireland, Galway November 2020 Table of Contents: List of Tables and Figures: ............................................................................................................................ ix Figures: ...................................................................................................................................................... x Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 16 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 16 1.1 Background to the Study – A Subjectivity Statement ....................................................................... 20 1.2 Overarching Aims and Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 21 1.3 Choice of Theory ............................................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Structural Layout of the Thesis ......................................................................................................... 24 1.5 Friendship, Empathy, and Social Support are Core Components of the Positive Youth Development Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 27 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 27 2.1 Adolescence Definition ..................................................................................................................... 30 The Factors of Adolescence .................................................................................................................... 33 Physical ................................................................................................................................................... 33 Emotional ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Social Development ................................................................................................................................ 36 Intellectual/ Cognitive Development ...................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Education and Teaching .................................................................................................................... 39 Formal Education .................................................................................................................................... 41 Non Formal Education ............................................................................................................................ 43 Youth Culture and Informal Learning ..................................................................................................... 45 Education and Discipline ......................................................................................................................... 47 2.3 A Definition of Coaching ................................................................................................................... 48 Life Coaching ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Coaching Quality ..................................................................................................................................... 50 A Definition of Mentoring ....................................................................................................................... 51 The Mentor Protégée Relationship ......................................................................................................... 53 Variables of Mentoring ........................................................................................................................... 54 Role Modeling ......................................................................................................................................... 55 Female Role Models ................................................................................................................................ 56 Male Role Models ................................................................................................................................... 57 Leadership ............................................................................................................................................... 59 Coaches, Mentors and Role Models as Leaders ..................................................................................... 60 2.4 Towards a Definition of Youth Work ................................................................................................ 61 An International History of Youth Work ................................................................................................. 64 A History of Irish Youth Work ................................................................................................................. 65 Youth Work: From Education to Behaviour ............................................................................................ 67 The Changing Economics of Youth Education ......................................................................................... 68 Societal Change and Social Education .................................................................................................... 70 Towards a Holistic Service of Well-Being in Youth ................................................................................. 71 Other Variations of Youth Work ............................................................................................................. 73 2.5 Advantages of Social Media and Disadvantages of Social Media .................................................... 75 Young People and Technology ................................................................................................................ 76 Technology and Socialisation .................................................................................................................. 77 2.6 The Key Link of Friendship and Social Support ................................................................................. 79 Social Support definition ......................................................................................................................... 80 Social Networking ................................................................................................................................... 83 Social Support Benefits & Challenges ..................................................................................................... 84 2.7 A Link with Empathy ......................................................................................................................... 86 Empathy Defined .................................................................................................................................... 87 Social Empathy ........................................................................................................................................ 88 Empathy in Formal Education ................................................................................................................. 91 2.8 Summary of Themes and Tentative Model ....................................................................................... 93 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 96 3.1 Rationale, Aims, and Objectives ......................................................................................................