1976010934 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760010934 2020-03-22T16:28:13+00:00Z 4 NATIONAL AERONAUTICSAND SPACE ADMINISTRATION . I: t" ? LUNARCARTOGRAPHICDOSSIER J-' (_ASA-C_-146_O0) L rJN._ CAgTOGP-_PHIC N76- Iq022 DOSSI_._, VOIUME I (Defense Napping _.gency .:_ Aerospace Center) 221 p ,C $7.75 CSCL 03B ;_ r/nclas ._. ._ g3/91 Ig782 f f Edited By . _ LAWRENCE A. SCHIMERMAN '_ Y '_ Z_,_.- _7_;,2, -_ ,_, /.¢," .<,:,_, . '_,_ ,,--- _", OlIIIIINALCOHTAIH$ :% _¢ :.'__'" ,-,":"..,' O_l.OllILLgSTGATiONS ': } AEROSPACE CENTER, ,ST, LOUIS AF$, MISSOURI 63118 FOR THE NATIONAL AEROh'_UTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION '_ PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY THE DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY ,# 1976010934-002 8 , FOREWORD THROUGHOUT MAN'S HISTORY on earth he has sought to explore the ,_ outer reaches of his environment and to map his findings. His first cartographic effortshave recordedtheminimal topographicinformationecessaryto insuregroup _ mlrvivaland cartographicprogresshas graduallydevelopedin conjunctionwi_.h increasedabilityto functionin new region_ His earthbasedview ofthe moon simi- laxlyprogressedfrom the fancifulto an orderedsciencelimitedonly by earth-moon distanceand geometricrelationship. " In lessthan a decade,lunarexplorationand corollarmay pping have progressed " to the vantage point of lunar proximity,thereby yieldingthe firstdescription _/ of the lunar farsideand enabling man's personal exploration"ofthe nloon's _, surface. ,_ This book isconcernedwith recordingthe cartographicresultsand by-products _ of lunar explorationand study.It is an attempt to provide a vehiclefor the continued accumulation and use of itm,ar cartographic knowledge. :_ February 1973 ARTHUR T. STRICKLAND CnieL Cartography Program _: Apollo Lunar Exploration Office .. Apollo Program O/rice National Aeronautic_ and Space Administration ? .t i 1976010934-003 PREFACE , THE LUNAR CARTOGRAPHIC DOSSIER is designed to provide an up to date summary of the extent and quality of cartographic information as well as describing materials available to support lunar scientific investigation and study. Its basic cover the specific photographic, selenodetic and cartographic data considered to be infof ocontinuingrmational sesignificancections. Phottoogrusersaphy of(Seclunar. 2.0),cartographicControl (Secinformation.The. 3.0), and Maps Develop-(Sec 4.0) ment of Lunar Cartography (Sec. 1.0) presents historical backgroun_ data. The Map Section includes de_riptive and evaluative hlformation concerning lunar maps, photomaps and photo mosaics. Discussion comprises identification of series or .._ individual sheet characteristics, control basis, source materials an.t compilation • methodology used. The Control Section describes the global, regional and local selenodetic control systems that have been produced for lunar feature location in support of lunar map- ping or positional study. Further discussion covers the fundamental basis for each control system, number of points produced, techniques employed and evaluated accuracy. Although lunar photography is an informational source rather than a cartographic product, a Photography Section has been included to facilitate correlation to the mapping and control works described. Description of lunar photographic systems, photography and Photo Support Data are presented from a cartogranhic-photogram- metric viewpoint with commentary on cartographic applications. / Photo, Map and Control Indices follow each of the basic Dossier Sections, pro- viding lunar locations for data and materials discussed. Each category of index is keyed to a common base enabling ready relation of varying combinations of pLoto, map and control data. By its summary nature, the Dossier is limited in both narrative and graphic detail. Reference Sections identify documentation available for more intensive study of specific projects. In the case of photography, reference is made to larger scale indices _. for identification and location of individual photographs. Evaluative information contained, primarily reflects accuracy data derived by producing agency at time of product publication. Modification of original evaluation is sometimes offered, based upon the further experience of Dossier's editorial staff and contributors. The Dossier's looseleaf form lends itself to updating of lunar carto- graphic knowledges and contributions from product users are invited. Such contri- butions should be directed to: Editor, Lunar Cortographic Dossier DMAAC (PPTM) February 1973 St. Louis AFS, Missouri 63118 t, T: ,h m, ii ,F ] 9760] 0934-004 ? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ,; "'" February 1973 _ f The compilation of this summary of lunar cartographic work has primarily depended upon the efforts of personnel of the United States Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center. Particularly valuable were the co:,tributions of Robert Carder and Raymond Anderson to Lunar Map Subjects; Donald Meyer, Charles _f /- ": Ross, William Cannell, and Lawrence Doepke to Selenodesy and Control Works; _" and, Richard Palm and Lawrence Klages to photographic subjects. Mr. Ewen i:. Whitaker, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, furnished con- : siderable assistance in development of "History of Lunar Mapping." ,. Y _ The editor is also indebted to personnel of the Defense Mapping Agency's , $ Topographic Center and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration _' Apollo Exploration Office and Mapping Sciences Branch for contributions and [ "_ _; suggestions provided. :_- = February 1975 ., The continuing contribution to lunar mapping and control subjects by Messrs. CharlesShulland James Stephens,DefenseMapping Agency TopographicCenter, :_. is most appreciated. _ Updating of Dossier discussion of lunar nomenclature has been accomplished through the assistance of Dr. Farouk-EI-Baz, Smithsonian Institution. _. LAWRENCE A. SCHIMERMAN _ Editor • _ ,I iii ] 976010934-005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Development of Lunar Cartography ..................... 1.0 History of Selenodesy ............................. 1.1 • History of Lunar Mapping ......................... 1.2 •"" Lunar Nomenclature ............................. 1.3 _2 Lunar Photography ................................. 2.0 Earthbased Phote_raphy ........................... 2.1 Ranger Photo_" phy ............................. 2.2 Lunar Orbiter Photography ............................ 2.3 Apollo Mission Photography .......................... 2.4 Surveyor Photography ............................... 2.5 Photographic Support Data ............................ 2.6 • Photography References .............................. 2.7 Photo Indices 2.8 _' / Lunar Control ........................................ 3.0 _'_ Global Control ..................................... 3.1 ._ Regional Control .................................... 3.2 i Local Control ...................................... 3.3 Control References .................................. 3.4 Control Indices .................................... 3.5 I,unar Maps, Photomaps and Photo Mosaics .................. 4.0 Small Scale (1:2,000,000 and smaller) ..................... 4.1 Medium Scale (1:250,001 - 1:1,999,999) .................... 4.2 I,arge Scale (1:250,000 and larger) ....................... 4.3 Map References .................................... 4.4 Map Indices ...................................... 4.5 iv 1976010934-006 DEVELOPMENT OF LUNAR CARTOGRAPHY _.. 1.0 _-- This Section is concerned with historical and backgiound information to enable a better appreciation for modern cartographic and selenodetic products described in Sections 3.0 and 4.0. History of Selenodesy ..................... 1.1 History of Lunar Mapping .................. 1.2 Lunar Nomenclature ...................... 1.3 O Section 1.0 31. 1976010934-007 ) HISTORY OF SELENODESY 1.1 _ S_" :':. One might say that selenodesy began when man first realized that the moon is spherical. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was the man who deduced the shape of the moon from his observa- .... tions of eclipses and changing lunar phases. He was also able to deduce from these observa- tions that the moon is closer to the earth than the sun and the planets, and that it shines by "._;. , reflected light from the sun. The deductions of Aristotle caused Aristarchus (320-250 B.C.) to devise a method of _- . making the first measurements of the relative distances of the moon and sun from the earth. He found the distance to the moon to be 56 earth radii and the solar distance to be 20 times the moon's distance. His lunar distance was in error by only seven percent, but his solar distance was in error by a factor of 20. "_' Another Greek astronomer, Hipparchus (circa 160-120 B.C.) made precise observations which advanced the theory of the moon's motion to a relatively high level. He discovered :_ , that the lunar motion relative to the earth was not exactly circular. Without the formula- _: ) tion of the law of gravitation, he assumed that the eccentricity of motion was caused by the _. earth being situated eccentrically rather than in the exact center of the moon's probable -_, circular orbit. Hipparchus also measured, with amazing accuracy, the inclination of the lunar orbit to be 5 ° to the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun and the period of the :t revolution of the line of nodes to be 182/ayears. Hipparchus was the first to realize the ._ existence of lunar parallax and from it he determined the moon's distance to be 59 earth radii and its diameter to be 31 minutes. This was remarkably close to telescopic accuracy. Ptolemy (100-170 A.D.) went beyond Hipparchus