A CASE STUDY OF TRANSPORT SERVICES FOR PHYSICALLY DISABLED CITIZENS IN THE CITY OF CAPE TOWN Nadheerah Morta-Andrews Student No: 9449004 Full Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Social Work in the Department of Social Work Faculty of Community and Health Sciences University of the Western Cape Supervisor: Dr Marie Minnaar-McDonald Date: 14 August 2018 PLAGIARISM DECLARATION Name: Ms N. Morta-Andrews Student number: 9449004 1. I hereby declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another person’s work and to present it as my own without acknowledging the sources in the correct way. 2. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft. 3. I understand the plagiarism policy of the Faculty of Community and Health Science of the University of the Western Cape. 4. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiarize in the study conducted on the topic “A case study of transport services for physically disabled citizens in the City of Cape Town”. 5. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for the course of the study, will be my own, and where I have made use of another person’s work, I have acknowledged the source in the correct way. Signed by: Date: 14 Au gust 2018 i http://etd.uwc.ac.za ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr M. Minnaar-McDonald, my supervisor. I am greatly indebted to you. Your constant support, guidance and encouragement made me to believe in myself. I would not have been able to complete this MSW Thesis Study without you. A humble thank you Dr M! I would also like to express my sincere thanks to a good colleague and friend, Mr F. Hogwe, who encouraged me to embark on this journey. Thank you for your belief in me, your patience and unwavering support. Most importantly, I have to thank my family members who walked this journey with me. Thank you for all the sacrifices you made and for your support when I needed someone to take care of Ranya. Words fail to express my gratitude. Thank you! To the research participants, I am grateful that you willingly participated in this research study and shared your experiences with me so generously. Without you, this research study would not have been possible. My sincere thanks to the Erika Theron Scholarship Fund and UWC and the Department of Social Work for your financial support and willingly investing in my MSW degree and making this dream a reality. To Cape Town Association for the Physically Disabled and the City of Cape Town, thank you for allowing me to conduct this research. Last but not least, to my daughter, Ranya whom I cannot forget. Thank you for affording me this opportunity to do this research study and for understanding my absences throughout this process. I dedicate this to you, love always, my Angel. ii http://etd.uwc.ac.za ABSTRACT Access to transport is a fundamental human right for citizens in any country, and this includes people with physical disabilities. Globally, this right is enshrined in policies and legislative documents of various countries. Developed countries have made enormous strides for inclusion of people with disabilities in their social policies, planning and expansion of transport services. In South Africa, despite a multitude of policies and legislation, there has been limited research conducted on the experiences of physically disabled citizens and their right to accessible transport. The political ethics of care was used as a framework to analyse the experiences of people with physical disabilities in relation to the Dial-A-Ride special transport policy service available in the City of Cape Town. The main aim of the study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the accessible transport service programme, subsidised by the City of Cape Town by exploring the perspectives of both service users and service providers; documenting how the special transport needs of the physically disabled service users as care receivers are catered for by care givers or special transport service providers. This study addressed the research question: “What are the expectations, experiences, and needs of physically disabled transport service users in relation to the special transport service provided by the City of Cape Town?” Due to the explorative, descriptive and contextual nature the study adopted a qualitative case study research design. The data for the study was gathered using multiple data collection methods: conducting focus group sessions, semi-structured one-on-one interviews, as well as documentary analysis. All interviews were conducted in English and were audio recorded with the consent of the participants and were transcribed. In analysing the data, the researcher employed both qualitative thematic and qualitative content analysis. The study used a purposive sample that comprised a total of nineteen participants: two focus groups of thirteen registered users on the iii http://etd.uwc.ac.za Dial-A-Ride special transport service, taken from the population of registered clients that were people with physical disabilities, from Cape Town Association for the Physically Disabled, and six employees from the Dial-A-Ride special transport service within the City of Cape Town for the semi-structured interviews. The findings generated five major themes and fifteen sub-themes that were analytically discussed according to the five phases of care and corresponding ethical elements embedded in the political ethics of care which resulted in several policy related recommendations for improvements to the Dial-A-Ride special transport service. A key policy recommendation recognise that All spheres of government (both National Government, Provincial Government, and the City of Cape Town) including Dial-A-Ride as the commissioned service provider, could be more attentive to the transport needs of the Dial-A-Ride service-users. As a policy maker at local level, the City of Cape Town should take more responsibility for meeting the rapidly changing and growing demand for special transport needs of people with physical disabilities. Ethics considerations were adhered to in this research study. Key words: People with disabilities, People with physical disabilities, Dial–A-Ride, Special transport service, Special needs passengers iv http://etd.uwc.ac.za LIST OF ACRONYMS AEI Access Exchange International CTAPD Cape Town Association for the Physically Disabled CoCT City of Cape Town DTPW Department of Transport and Public Works DAR Dial-A-Ride DREDF Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund EOC Ethics of Care ECMT European Conference of Ministers of Transport IDP Integrated Development Plan ITP Integrated Transport Plan PWD People with disabilities UNDP United Nations Development Programme WPRPWD White Paper on the Rights of People with Disabilities v http://etd.uwc.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE NO: PLAGIARISM DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii KEY WORDS iv LIST OF ACRONYMS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xv CHAPTER ONE ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem statement 3 1.2 Aim & research question 4 1.3 Research Objectives 5 1.4 Orientation to research methodology 6 1.4.1 Research approach 6 1.4.2 Social constructionism 6 1.4.3 Research design: qualitative case study 7 1.4.4 Research setting & study population 7 vi http://etd.uwc.ac.za 1.4.5 Sampling for qualitative case study 8 1.4.6 Data collection and research instrument 9 1.4.7 Qualitative data analysis 10 1.4.8 Triangulation 10 1.4.9 Trustworthiness 11 1.4.10 Reflexivity 11 1.5 Ethics statement 12 1.6 Defining key concepts 12 1.7 Thesis outline 14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Introduction 16 2.1 Policies & legislation 16 2.1.1 North American legislation 18 2.1.2 European legislation 18 2.1.3 Latin / South American legislation 19 2.1.4 African legislation 20 2.1.5 South African legislation & policy 20 2.2 Transportation 22 2.2.1 Modes of transport in South Africa 23 2.2.1.1 Taxis 23 2.2.1.2 Buses 25 vii http://etd.uwc.ac.za 2.2.1.3 Trains 29 2.3 Door to door transport services 31 2.3.1 Prevalence of door to door services internationally 32 2.3.2 Prevalence of door to door services in South Africa 33 2.3.2.1 History of Dial-A-Ride 34 2.3.2.2 Criteria for the Dial-A-Ride service 34 2.3.2.3 Availability of Dial-A-Ride service 35 2.3.2.4 Quality of Dial-A-Ride services 35 2.3.2.5 Challenges of Dial-A-Ride 37 2.4 Care ethics as theoretical framework 39 2.4.1 Democratic care and the political ethics of care phases 43 2.4.1.1 Phase One: Caring about / Attentiveness 43 2.4.1.2 Phase Two: Taking care of / Responsibility 44 2.4.1.3 Phase Three: Care-giving / Competence 44 2.4.1.4 Phase Four: Care-receiving / Responsiveness 45 2.4.1.5 Phase Five: Caring with / Trust 45 2.4.1.6 Framework for assessing care as process 46 2.5 Conclusion 48 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. Introduction 49 3.1 Aim & Objectives 49 3.2 Methodological approach 50 viii http://etd.uwc.ac.za 3.3 Research design 52 3.3.1 Case study 52 3.4 Research setting 54 3.5 Study population 55 3.6 Sampling 55 3.6.1 Sampling method procedure 55 3.6.1.1 Dial-A-Ride service users 56 3.6. 1.2 Dial-A-Ride staff members 56 3.7 Data collection 57 3.7.1 Focus groups 57 3.7.1.1 Focus group discussions with Dial-A-Ride service users 58 3.7.2 Interviews 60 3.7.2.1 Individual interviews with Dial-A-Ride staff members 61 3.7.3 Documents study 63 3.8 Qualitative data analysis 64 3.9 Qualitative data verification within the case study inquiry 67 3.10 Limitations 69 3.11 Reflexivity 69 3.12 Ethics statement 71 3.13 Conclusion 72 CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.