University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-22-2016 Concerns of Water Scarcity and Water Quality among two Andean Communities in Peru Kelsey Anne Anderson Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, and the Public Health Commons Scholar Commons Citation Anderson, Kelsey Anne, "Concerns of Water Scarcity and Water Quality among two Andean Communities in Peru" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6061 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Concerns of Water Scarcity and Water Quality among two Andean Communities in Peru by Kelsey Anne Anderson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-major Professor: Linda Whiteford, Ph.D. Co-major Professor: Jaime Corvin, Ph.D. Rebecca Zarger, Ph.D. Date of Approval: 04/22/2016 Keywords: water governance, climate change, health, women Copyright © 2016, Kelsey Anne Anderson Acknowledgements I would first like to express my gratitude to all of the individuals in Carhuaz and Shilla because without them none of this would have been possible. I am grateful for their kindness, openness, and help throughout all stages of my time spent in their communities. I would also like to thank Patricia Hammer, PhD and Pocha for introducing me to the Peruvian Andes and allowing me to partake in their field school and internship for which helped make my research possible. Thank you to Isabella Chan and Kristen Ross for your emotional and instrumental support in the field, I owe you both so much. Additionally, many thanks to Inés Yanac León and Edinson Márquez Trejo for your invaluable help in and outside the field. Additionally, I would like to extend thanks to my committee, Linda Whiteford, Jaime Corvin, and Rebecca Zarger for all your assistance and guidance through the course of preparing, conducting, analyzing, and writing. I would also like to specially thank my major advisors— Linda Whiteford and Jaime Corvin—for all of your support and help during my time at USF. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my dear friends and family for keeping me sane throughout my graduate school experience and for making these past few years memorable. I truly appreciate and love you all. Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Research Setting...................................................................................................................5 Brief History of Study Sites .....................................................................................5 Geography ................................................................................................................7 Ancash......................................................................................................................8 Center for Social Well-Being...................................................................................9 Shilla ......................................................................................................................11 Carhuaz ..................................................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Water and Health in Peru: Background Literature .......................................................15 Literature Review...............................................................................................................15 Ethnicity in Peru ....................................................................................................15 The Intersection of the Economy, Ethnicity, and Water ........................................17 Water Governance .................................................................................................18 The Intersection of Climate Change and Water Access ........................................19 The Intersection of Gender, Ethnicity, and Vulnerability ......................................20 The Effects of Climate Change on Disease ...........................................................23 Influences on Hand Washing .................................................................................24 Relationship between Hand Washing and Diarrhea ..........................................................25 Overview ................................................................................................................25 Hand Washing and Water Insecurity .....................................................................26 Hand Washing, Knowledge, and Beliefs ...............................................................26 Summary ................................................................................................................28 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework and Methodology ...................................................................30 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................30 Feminist Political Ecology .....................................................................................30 Methods..............................................................................................................................31 Study Design ..........................................................................................................31 Data Collection ......................................................................................................31 Field School ...........................................................................................................33 Internship ...............................................................................................................34 i Participants .............................................................................................................36 Sampling ................................................................................................................37 Analysis..................................................................................................................38 Postionality ............................................................................................................38 Limitations .............................................................................................................39 Ethics......................................................................................................................40 Chapter 4: Results ..........................................................................................................................42 Study Sample Characteristics ............................................................................................42 Household Water Information ...........................................................................................44 Quantitative Data ...............................................................................................................45 Qualitative Data .................................................................................................................48 Water Quality .........................................................................................................48 Shilla ..........................................................................................................49 Taste/odor/color .............................................................................49 Lack of cleanliness/lack of treatment ............................................49 Rain ................................................................................................50 Contamination ................................................................................51 Water Insecurity .....................................................................................................52 Shilla ..........................................................................................................52 Hand Washing ........................................................................................................53 Shilla ..........................................................................................................53 Semi-structured interviews ............................................................54 Participant observation...................................................................55 Water Quality .........................................................................................................55