Critical Literary Studies Vol. II, No. 2, Spring and Summer 2020 CLS received its license from the Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance on 1397/6/5 (28 August 2018) with the license Number 79848. CLS is ranked 'B' by achieving 737.5 points out of 1000 from the Academic Journals Committee of the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, and is indexed and approved by the SRT Ministry. 2676-699X 2716-9928 Journals Office, Department of English Language and Literature, and Linguistics Faculty of Language and Literature University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Postal Code: 6617715175 Phone: 0098-87-33664600 Fax: +98 87 33660077 Email: [email protected] http://cls.uok.ac.ir/ University of Kurdistan Faculty of Language and Literature Department of English Language and Literature, and Linguistics Bakhtiar Sadjadi Associate Professor of English Literature, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Jalal Sokhanvar Emeritus Professor of English Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Hosseini Assistant Professor of English Literature, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Farzad Boobani Assistant Professor of English Literature, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Serveh Menbari PhD Candidate of Translation Studies, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Sajed Hosseini MA in English Literature, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Moalem Publishing House Designer: Modern Art Institute © 2020 University of Kurdistan Éric Athenot, Professor of American Literature, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, France Albrecht Classen, Professor of German Studies, University of Arizona, United States María Luisa Carrio-Pastor, Professor of English, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain Jaffer Sheikholislami, Associate Professor of Language Studies, Carleton University, Canada Nazand Begikhani, Senior Research Fellow, Bristol University, England Mohammad Marandi, Professor of English Language and Literature, Tehran University, Iran Alireza Anushirvani, Professor of Comparative Literature, Shiraz University, Iran Fazel Asadi Amjad, Professor of English Language and Literature, Kharazmi University, Iran Ahmad Parsa, Professor of Persian Language and Literature, University of Kurdistan, Iran Shide Ahmadzade, Associate Professor of English Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran Amirali Nojoumian, Associate Professor of English Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran Hossein Pirnajmuddin, Associate Professor of English Literature, University of Esfahan, Iran Behzad Barkat, Associate Professor of Comparative Literature, University of Guilan, Iran Alireza Farahbakhsh, Associate Professor of English Literature, University of Guilan, Iran Naser Maleki, Associate Professor of English Language and Literature, Razi University, Iran Azra Ghandeharion, Associate Professor of English Literature, Ferdowsi University, Iran Bakhtiar Sadjadi, Associate Professor of English Literature, University of Kurdistan, Iran Yadgar Karimi, Associate Professor of Linguistics, University of Kurdistan, Iran Ebrahim Badakhshan, Associate Professor of Linguistics, University of Kurdistan, Iran I Prof. María Luisa Carrio-Pastor, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain Prof. Alireza Anushirvani, Shiraz University, Iran Dr. Jaffer Sheikholislami, Carleton University, Canada Dr. Behzad Barkat, University of Guilan, Iran Dr. Alireza Farahbakhsh, University of Guilan, Iran Dr. Azra Ghandeharion, Ferdowsi University, Iran Dr. Ahad Mehrvand, Tabriz University, Iran Dr. Bakhtiar Sadjadi, University of Kurdistan, Iran Dr. Shahryar Mansouri, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran Dr. Farah Ghaderi, Urmia University, Iran Dr. Mostafa Hosseini, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Dr. Zakarya Bezdoode, University of Kurdistan, Iran Dr. Ali Ghaderi, Razi University, Iran Dr. Jalil Fathi, University of Kurdistan, Iran Dr. Farzad Boobani, University of Guilan, Iran Dr. Farshid Nowrouzi Roshnavand, University of Mazandaran, Iran Dr. Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi, University of Semnan, Iran Dr. Narges Montakhabi, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Iran Dr. Leila Baradaran Jamili, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Iran Dr. Bahman Zarrinjoei, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Iran Dr. Mohsen Masoomi, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Iran Dr. Seyyed Reza Ebrahimi, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Iran Dr. Peyman Amanolahi, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Dr. Masoumeh Bakhtiari, Islamic azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran Dr. Bahareh Nilforoshan, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Iran Ms. Huriedh Maleki, University of Kurdistan, Iran Mr. Sajed Hosseini, University of Kurdistan, Iran Mr. Payam Babaie, University of Kurdistan, Iran II CLS aims to be leading academic and professional English journal of Iran in the field of English literature and contemporary literary and cultural studies. This means playing a creative role in the academic discourse by disseminating research on a global scale, and an ability to combine quality and innovation. CLS aims at reporting high-quality theoretical and original research contributions for the benefit of academic researchers in the field of Literature and Cultural Studies. The journal consists of both researchers in specific fields and multidisciplinary researchers of long-standing and emerging knowledge. The scope includes theories and practices in Literary Criticism and Theory, Literary Movements, Schools, and Genres, Critical Approaches and Concepts, Cultural Studies, Artistic Genres, Cultural Products, and Practical Reading of Literary and Cultural Texts. CLS focuses on comparative literature with an interdisciplinary nature. The journal welcomes research works concerning English literature on one hand and the literature in Persian, Kurdish, Turkish, and Arabic on the other hand. Additionally, interdisciplinarity is of central interest to the papers published by the CLS journal. Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word and submitted online in order to be reviewed by CLS Editorial Board. Papers submitted to this journal must be original, and should not be previously submitted to any other journals. The papers are forwarded to reviewers only of they are accepted to proceed to peer-review process by at least two members of the Editorial Board. The Author is supposed to upload the title page as a supplementary file for the editor to review in order to assure blind review. After receiving submission request (Microsoft Word File), an e-mail would be sent to the Author. If you do not receive the confirmation e-mail, please attempt to send your file for the second time. Hereafter, authors must be waiting for approval of their work before publication. To submit you papers to CLS, you should first register and then login at: http://cls.uok.ac.ir/ The editors have the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions. After publication, the corresponding author will receive a hard copy of the journal’s Issue free of charge. If more copies are desired, please III contact the editor before making an order. A PDF version of the journal is available for download on the journal’s webpage. Both reviewer and author’s identification would be anonymous. Paper will be examined by at least two members of the Editorial Board and two reviewers. The peer-review process takes approximately three months. Notification of the result of review will be sent by e-mail. The papers, if accepted, are sent to the technical editor for checking the citations and sources. In the next stage, the papers are sent to the literary editor to be stylistically revised in terms of Standard academic English. The Persian abstract of the papers are keenly revised by the Persian editors of the journal according to the instructions of The Academy of Persian Language and Literature. It is only after these stages that the journal’s DOI is offered to the papers, designating the immediate publication of the paper. The corresponding author is informed and asked to cooperate in all the stages of the above-mentioned process. With first publication the copyrights for an article goes to CLS. However authors have rights to reuse, archive, and distribute their own articles after publication. Subsequently, the journal takes no responsibility about after published usage of articles. CLS follows the COPE, Committee on Publication Ethics, and Creative Common, and complies with the highest ethical standards in accordance with ethical laws. All the submitted manuscripts are thus checked for similarity through iTenticate software. The journal follows MLA Style. Each work cited in the text must appear in the Works Cited list, and vise-versa. However, two kinds of material are cited only in the text: references to classical works such as The Bible and The Qur’an, whose sections are standardized across editions, and references to personal communication. The Editor and the publisher accept no responsibility for the opinions and statements of authors in their papers published in the CLS journal. The Editorial Board amends and revises the papers stylistically; however, it does not change or violate the content of the papers. IV Contents Editorial Note 1-3 Bakhtiar Sadjadi The Transgenerational Trauma of Displacement: Rewriting Diasporic 5-25 Subjectivities in the Shadow of the Phantom of the (M)Otherland Bahare Bahmanpour Sea Voyages in Medieval Romances: Symbolic Trails through Existential 27-46 Experiences and Female Suffering on the Water Albrecht Classen The “Excess of Negativity”: