UNITED NATIONS International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Case No. IT-98-29/1-T Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Date: 12 December 2007 Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Original: English IN THE TRIAL CHAMBER III Before: Judge Patrick Robinson, Presiding Judge Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua Judge Frederik Harhoff Registrar: Mr. Hans Holthuis Judgement of: 12 December 2007 PROSECUTOR v. DRAGOMIR MILO[EVI] PUBLIC JUDGEMENT The Office of the Prosecutor: Mr. Stefan Waespi Ms. Carolyn Edgerton Mr. John Docherty Mr. Manoj Sachdeva Ms. Maxine Marcus Mr. Salvatore Cannata Counsel for the Accused: Mr. Branislav Tapu{kovi} Ms. Branislava Isailovi} CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 II. EVIDENCE ...................................................................................................................................3 A. RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................3 1. Sarajevo....................................................................................................................................3 2. Historical Background .............................................................................................................4 (a) The 1990 Elections................................................................................................................... 4 (b) Military Preparations for War.................................................................................................. 8 3. United Nations in Sarajevo ....................................................................................................10 (a) Structure of United Nations Mission...................................................................................... 10 (b) United Nations Area of Responsibility .................................................................................. 12 (c) Mandate.................................................................................................................................. 12 4. Peace Initiatives .....................................................................................................................15 (a) Demilitarised Zone - 14 August 1993 .................................................................................... 16 (b) Total Exclusion Zone (TEZ) - 9 February 1994 .................................................................... 17 (c) Anti-sniping Agreement - 14 August 1994 ............................................................................ 18 (d) Comprehensive Cessation of Hostilities Agreement - 23 December 1994............................ 20 (e) Collapse of TEZ Arrangements and NATO Attacks.............................................................. 21 B. MILITARY STRUCTURES AND CONFRONTATION LINES ...............................................................23 1. Structure of Military Units.....................................................................................................23 (a) VRS and SRK......................................................................................................................... 23 (b) ABiH and 1st Corps................................................................................................................ 25 2. Weaponry...............................................................................................................................26 (a) Weaponry Available to the VRS and ABiH........................................................................... 26 (b) Specific Weapons................................................................................................................... 30 (i) Mortars................................................................................................................................ 30 (ii) Modified Air Bombs.......................................................................................................... 31 a. The Possession of Air Bombs by the VRS and the ABiH............................................... 35 Findings........................................................................................................................... 37 (iii) Snipers and Sniper Rifles .................................................................................................38 3. Areas of Responsibility and Confrontation Lines – SRK and 1st Corps of the ABiH...........39 (a) Central Parts of Sarajevo: Grbavica, Marindvor, Hrasno, Novo Sarajevo and Elevations .... 40 (b) South-East: Debelo Brdo, Zlatište, Čolina Kapa, Mount Trebević........................................ 41 (c) South-West: Dobrinja, Neđarići, Mojmilo Hill, Ilidža, Lukavica, Hrasnica, Sokolovići, Mount Igman......................................................................................................................... 42 (d) North-West: Sokolje Hill, Vogošća, Ilijaš, Žu~ Hill, Hum Hill............................................. 44 (e) North-East: Sedrenik, Špicasta Stijena, Grdonj, Hreša.......................................................... 46 Findings ................................................................................................................................... 48 C. SARAJEVO 1992 TO AUGUST 1994..............................................................................................49 1. SRK Sniping and Shelling of Areas within the Confrontation Lines ....................................50 2. Effect on the Civilian Population within the Confrontation Lines ........................................53 3. Defence Evidence of ABiH Activities from 1992 to 1994....................................................58 D. CHALLENGE TO THE RELIABILITY OF THE INVESTIGATION BY BIH POLICE AND BIH POLICE REPORTS...................................................................................................................................60 E. EVIDENCE PERTAINING TO THE “CAMPAIGN” IN THE INDICTMENT PERIOD .................................67 1. Patterns of Sniping and Shelling of Sarajevo ........................................................................67 2. Sniping and Shelling by the SRK ..........................................................................................69 3. Sniping during the Indictment Period....................................................................................71 (a) Sniping by the SRK................................................................................................................ 72 (i) Public Transport.................................................................................................................. 74 (ii) Marindvor and Zmaja od Bosne ........................................................................................ 77 (iii) Other Sniping Locations...................................................................................................79 (b) Anti-sniping Measures ........................................................................................................... 80 (c) Sniping by the ABiH.............................................................................................................. 81 4. Sniping Incidents Representative of the “Campaign” ...........................................................84 (a) Unscheduled Sniping Incidents.............................................................................................. 84 Finding..................................................................................................................................... 85 (b) Scheduled Sniping Incidents.................................................................................................. 86 (i) Sniping of Targets on Zmaja od Bosne .............................................................................. 86 a. Sniping of Alma ]utuna on 8 October 1994 ................................................................... 86 Findings........................................................................................................................... 90 b. Sniping of Hajrudin Hamidi} on 21 November 1994 ..................................................... 91 Findings........................................................................................................................... 93 c. Sniping of Hafiza Kara~i} and Sabina [abani} on 23 November 1994 .......................... 94 Findings........................................................................................................................... 97 d. Sniping of Senad Kešmer, Alma ^ehaji} and Alija Holjan on 27 February 1995.......... 97 Findings......................................................................................................................... 103 e. Sniping of Azem Agovi} and Alen Gi~evi} on 3 March 1995...................................... 104 Findings......................................................................................................................... 108 f. Sniping of D`enana Sokolovi} and Nermin Divovi} on 18 November 1994................ 109 Findings......................................................................................................................... 114 (ii) Sniping of Targets in Sedrenik ........................................................................................ 115 a. Sniping