PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI SUBJUGATION OF THE DUTCH EAST INDIES’ LAND IN MULTATULI’S MAX HAVELAAR: A POSTCOLONIAL-ECOCRITICISM AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By BRIGITTA SITA OENTARI Student Number: 154214015 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI SUBJUGATION OF THE DUTCH EAST INDIES’ LAND IN MULTATULI’S MAX HAVELAAR: A POSTCOLONIAL-ECOCRITICISM AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By BRIGITTA SITA OENTARI Student Number: 154214015 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to firstly praise the Lord for all of His endless blessing upon me. Through all ups and downs during the making process of this thesis, He leads my steps all the way until I am today. My deepest gratitude goes to my thesis advisor, Dr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, M.Hum. who has given his time and patience for me to finish this thesis in time. Motivation from him to go on with a new approach does give strength to me who always feels unconfident. I would also like to thank my thesis co-advisor, A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. for the suggestions that make this thesis even better finished and my main examiner, Dr. Tatang Iskarna, for the new insights given during thesis defense. My earnest gratitude belongs to my scholarship donors, Mr. Harry Lenferink and Mvr. Miny Lenferink for their countless generosity and support for me from the first semester until I graduate. Without their help, I may not continue my study in college at all. Thank you so much, Mr. Harry and Mvr. Miny. I also extend my thanks for all PMY Sisters especially Zr. Felicitas, Sr. Theresiane, Sr. Wahyu, Sr. Patricia, and Sr. Emil for helping me to find and manage my scholarship. Lastly, for my family especially my mother and Billy, thank you so much for all the love. I am not able to make you proud yet, but please know that I do love you. To all English Letters lecturers and staffs, Tutor MKU partners and students, LSC 2018 squad, KOLITA 2018 squad and for everyone whom I cannot mention one by one, thank you for everything. Brigitta Sita Oentari vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... x ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 A. Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 4 D. Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................. 7 B. Review of Related Theories......................................................................... 11 1. Theory of Setting ....................................................................................... 11 2. Theory of Eurocentrism ............................................................................ 15 3. Theory of Postcolonial-Ecocriticism ......................................................... 17 C. Review of Related Background ................................................................... 22 D. Theoretical Framewok ................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 27 A. Object of the Study ...................................................................................... 27 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................. 29 C. Method of the Study .................................................................................... 30 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 32 A. The Land of Dutch East Indies .................................................................... 32 1. The Rich and Green Land ......................................................................... 32 2. The Extensive Fields ................................................................................. 34 3. The Spacious Lebak .................................................................................. 36 B. Subjugation of Dutch East Indies’ Land ...................................................... 39 1. The Dutch’s Perception To Land Subjugation .......................................... 40 2. The Act of Subjugation towards The Land of Dutch East Indies ............. 49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 57 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 60 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT OENTARI, BRIGITTA SITA. (2019). Subjugation of Dutch East Indies’ Land in Multatuli’s Max Havelaar: A Postcolonial-Ecocriticism. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Max Havelaar is a worldly-famous novel written by a Dutch writer named Eduard Douwes Dekker under the pseudonym of Multatuli. It tells the story of Max Havelaar as a Dutch official who works in Dutch East Indies; currently known as Indonesia. Set in Lebak, the novel published in 1868 unveils the Dutch’s cruel act of Cultivation System which does not only bring suffer to the local people, but also to the land and environment of Dutch East Indies. This land subjugation is clearly observed in the form of claim of the soil, exploitation of the natural resources, and a total change of the Dutch East Indies’ land. There are two objectives of this study. The first is to observe how the land of Dutch East Indies is depicted in the novel Max Havelaar. The setting of place as the intrinsic element of the novel becomes the most essential element to be observed because it leads to the second objective which is to reveal the Dutch’s domination and control towards the land in the novel Max Havelaar. All kinds of nature destruction by the Dutch are exposed through this second objective. The method used in this present thesis is a library research. The novel Max Havelaar by Multatuli becomes the primary source of this research. The secondary sources are taken from books, journals, and articles from internet related to this research. In order to solve the two problems formulated related to the domination and colonization of land and nature, postcolonial-ecocriticism is used as the approach. The result of this study shows that the land of Dutch East Indies is depicted as a fertile land which is capable to produce various plants that are appealing for the outsiders. However, besides offering its fertile soil, technology has not reached the land, so the local people still depend on the nature the way it is. These two reasons stimulate the Dutch as one of the European explorers that settle in Dutch East Indies to use the name of civilization and development as the base of their land subjugation. They justify the road construction that sacrifices the natural environment, exploit the land and natural resources for their own profit, and bring a total change from rice fields to the fields designed by them. They destruct the land of Dutch East Indies for the sake of their own glory. Keywords: land subjugation, The Cultivation System, postcolonial-ecocriticism. x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK OENTARI, BRIGITTA SITA. (2019). Subjugation of Dutch East Indies’ Land in Multatuli’s Max Havelaar: A Postcolonial-Ecocriticism. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Max Havelaar adalah novel terkenal di dunia yang ditulis oleh penulis Belanda bernama Eduard Douwes Dekker dengan nama pena Multatuli. Novel tersebut menceritakan Max Havelar, seorang pejabat Belanda yang bekerja di