he seventh RIPE Reader investigates cross-boundary influences affecting public Borders and BoundariesCrossing Service in Public Media Tservice media. PSM institutions remain domestically grounded and orientated, but must cope with international influences and the impact of globalisation. This pre- sents significant environmental challenges keyed to policies that support networked communications which have important implications for the future of broadcasting. Meanwhile, internal institutional boundaries pose challenges to internal collaboration and synergy, and to achieving greater openness and cultivating public participation in PSM. Traditional boundaries between professional and non-professional production are often problematic, as well, for external collaboration. And there are enormous challenges in efforts to bridge boundaries between PSM and other public institutions (public sector), social movements (civil and volunteer sector) and companies (private sector). Cross-boundary phenomena offer tremendous opportunities for ensuring public service provision in the emerging media ecology, but managers and policy- makers must grapple with a range of dualities that require critical examination: public CROSSING / private, national / international, broadcast / print, linear / non-linear, audience / user, production / distribution, citizen / consumer, and market / society. The scholarly contributions in this volume address issues that are relevant for improved understand- BORDERS AND ings about Public Service Media Across Borders and Boundaries – a contemporary topic of keen theoretical and strategic importance. BOUNDARIES IN Gr Gregory Ferrell Lowe is RIPE Continuity Director and Professor of Media Management at (eds.) Yamamoto & Nobuto egory Ferrell Lowe PUBLIC SERVICE the University of Tampere in Finland. Nobuto Yamamoto is Professor at the Institute for Media and Communication Research at MEDIA Keio University in Tokyo. RIPE 2015 University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 • Fax + 46 31 786 46 55 E-mail [email protected] www.nordicom.gu.se Gregory Ferrell Lowe & Nobuto Yamamoto (eds.) NORDICOM ISBN 978-91-87957-21-5 9 789187 957215 NORDICOM Crossing Borders and Boundaries in Public Service Media CROSSING BORDERS AND BOUNDARIES IN PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA RIPE 2015 Gregory Ferrell Lowe & Nobuto Yamamoto (eds.) NORDICOM Crossing Borders and Boundaries in Public Service Media RIPE@2015 Gregory Ferrell Lowe & Nobuto Yamamoto (eds.) © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom 2016 ISBN 978-91-87957-21-5 Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Per Nilsson Printed by: Billes Tryckeri AB, Mölndal, Sweden 2016 3014 0129 Contents Preface 7 Gregory Ferrell Lowe, Peter Goodwin & Nobuto Yamamoto Crossing Borders & Boundaries in PSM. Heritage, Complication and Development 11 SECTION I. BROADCASTING & NETWORKED COMMUNICATION Taisto Hujanen Broadcasting in the Post-Broadcast Era. Technology and Institution in the Development of Public Service Media 31 Marko Ala-Fossi The PSM paradox with Net Neutrality 47 Sylvia Harvey Above Us the Sky. The New Battle for Borders in Spectrum Allocation 63 Tanja Meyerhofer Public Service Media in ‘Coopetitive’ Networks of Marketisation 77 SECTION II. THE STATE, THE MARKET & CIVIL SOCIETY Minna Aslama Horowitz & Hannu Nieminen European Public Service Media and Communication Rights 95 Takashi Ito International Broadcasting and Editorial Independence. Case NHK Japan 107 Hui-Ju Tsai Fighting the Neoliberalised Media Market & State Interference. The Interdependency of the Taiwan PTS and Civil Society Organisations 121 Ken-ichi Yamada & Nobuto Yamamoto PSB and Press Freedom in the 2010s. Challenges for Radio Television Hong Kong 137 Bouziane Zaid State-administered Public Service Broadcasting in Morocco 153 SECTION III. CROSSING INSTITUTIONAL & OPERATIONAL BOUNDARIES Corinne Schweizer Public Service Media and the Commons. Crossing Conceptual and Institutional Boundaries 171 Lizzie Jackson Finding Public Service Media in a Global Mediascape 185 Trisha Dunleavy Crossing New Boundaries in Public TV Drama. The Transnational Success of Denmark’s Forbrydelsen 201 Benjamin J. Bates PSM Going Global? Navigating the Trans Border Rights Minefield 215 Sari Virta & Gregory Ferrell Lowe Crossing Boundaries for Innovation. Content Development for PSM at Yle 229 The Authors 247 Preface This is the seventh RIPE Reader published by the Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research [NORDICOM] at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. The present collection is the culmination of discourse during and since the RIPE@2014 conference in Tokyo. The conference theme,Public Service Media Across Boundaries, was selected by Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai, NHK – the Japan Broadcasting Corporation – and it proved to be a timely, relevant issue for public service media today. The 2014 conference was the most global RIPE conference to date. Expanding horizons beyond the European and wider Western regions, where PSB has been historically strongest, has been an ambition since the initiative launched in 2000. RIPE@2014 welcomed PSM researchers from around the world, including many par- ticipants from countries without a history of public service broadcasting and where remarkable efforts are underway today. The 7th Reader includes scholarship from and about some of these countries. The conference was hosted by the Institute for Journalism, Media & Communi- cation Studies at Keio University, and sponsored by NHK. We are grateful to both institutions, and especially indebted to Nobuto Yamamoto who steered the project for Keio University and Yoshiko Nakamura who steered the project on behalf of NHK. Yamamoto was ably assisted by Shuzo Yamakoshi, and Nakamura was supported by Takanobu Tanaka, a colleague in NHK’s Broadcasting Culture Research Institute. All of us who were involved with the planning, and the participants as well, greatly appreci- ate the tremendous job they did in producing an excellent conference, and everyone enjoyed extraordinary hospitality during the event. Our RIPE@2014 experience was truly memorable. The conference benefitted from important support from other institutions also committed to democratic development and the role of media as a public service in that pursuit. We are grateful for the generous grant from the Open Society Foundations [OSF] that funded the participation of five early career researchers from Africa, Asia and Latin America. Warm thanks especially to Sameer Padania and Marius Dragomir for their assistance, support and encouragement. We also appreciate involvement from 7 PREFACE the Public Media Alliance, formerly the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, and particularly appreciate Clare Hill who participated on their behalf. And we were pleased to welcome considerable contributions from the European Broadcasting Union, and in particular the excellent work of Roberto Suarez and David Fernandez from the EBU’s Media Intelligence Service. This was not only the most global of our RIPE conferences to date, but also the most networked. On behalf of the RIPE@2014 conference host and sponsors, we want to again thank the Conference Planning Group [CPG] and the RIPE Advisory Board [RAB] for all the work they contributed in producing an intellectually satisfying conference. We also appreciate the material support they received from their respective institutions that funded their voluntary involvement. The CPG members for RIPE@2014 were: Marko Ala-Fossi, University of Tampere (Finland), Minna Aslama Horowitz, St. John’s University (USA), Karen Donders, Free University of Brussels (Belgium), Michael Huntsberger, Linfield College (USA), Fiona Martin, University of Sydney (Australia), Hallvard Moe, University of Bergen (Norway), Phillip Savage, McMaster University (Canada), and Hilde Van den Bulck, University of Antwerp (Belgium). The CPG thanks all of our RAB members for their support and contributions, as well: Jo Bardoel, University of Amsterdam (Netherlands), Trisha Dunleavy, Victoria University of Wellington (Australia), Peter Dunn (Australia), Paulo Faustino, Porto University (Portugal), Taisto Hujanen, University of Tampere (Finland), John Jackson, Concordia University (Canada), Per Jauert, University of Aarhus (Denmark), Alan G. Stavitsky, University of Nevada Reno (USA), Jeanette Steemers, University of Westminster (UK), and Roberto Suarez, European Broadcasting Union (Switzerland). On behalf of everyone, we warmly thank Michael Huntsberger and Peter Dunn for doing so much work during and since the 2014 conference in producing a first series of webisodes about public service media and the RIPE initiative. Some of these are already posted on the new RIPE YouTube channel, and more are forthcoming1. During the conference Prof. Huntsberger exerted a degree of effort that was truly extraordinary. Thank you, Michael. Lowe wants to personally thank Ms. Irie Sayaka at NHK for her assistance during the conference in helping him to deal with an emergency health issue. Your gentle grace and genuine concern will always be remembered. On behalf of everyone who participated in the Tokyo conference, I’m sure we all appreciate the good work and cheerful help provided by the wonderful students of Keio University. You are stars, truly! The editors would like to thank all of the contributors to this th7 RIPE Reader. You’ve each done good work and we appreciate your patience and responsiveness