About the Cover Theoretical studies of improvised explosives are rare, and their experimental study is expensive and technically challenging, but a necessary part of countering today’s threats to national and international security. Principal investigator Sorin Bastea and his team developed important experimental data and simulations for characterizing and modeling the detonation behavior of explosives in the Laboratory Directed Research and Development project, “Detonation Performance of Improvised Explosives via Reactive Flow Simulations and Diamond Anvil Experiments” (11-ERD- 067). Project results may enable development of ultrafast methods for assessing sensitivity and perhaps even performance in energetic formulations, and could additionally open new avenues for the shock synthesis of materials. Researchers determined that shock wave excitation enables the observation of chemical kinetics in a very small volume, where the rate of heating is limited only by the transit time of the shock wave through the volume. Eectively, this is in situ chemistry in a very small beaker. The research was recently featured as the cover story in the scientic journal, Journal of Physical Chemistry A. The simulation of ultrafast shock initiation of exothermic chemistry in hydrogen peroxide shown here was provided by Liam Krauss of the Livermore Computing visualization team, which specializes in multimedia presentation of scientic results obtained through high-performance computing. UCRL-TR-113717-13 Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Oce of Scientic and Technical Information P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available from (423) 576-8401 or http://apollo.osti.gov/bridge/ Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Rd. Springeld, VA 22161 http://www.ntis.gov/ or Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department Digital Library http://www.llnl.gov/tid/Library.html Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specic commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reect those of the United States Government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE- AC52-07NA27344. iv LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY Acknowledgments The Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program extends its sincere appreciation to the principal investigators of scal year 2013 projects for providing the content of the annual report. The program also thanks the following members of the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Oce for their many contributions to this publication: Barbara Jackson, administrator; Steve McNamara, computer specialist; Kathy Villela, resource manager; and Kristen Croteau, business manager. Scientic Editors Rokaya Al-Ayat, Eric Gard Publication Editors Jerey Sketchley, Katie Walter Art Director and Production Kevin Melissare LDRD FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT i Director’s Statement The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program was conceived as a bold initiative, and scientic and technical risk are essential attributes of a portfolio that expands Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s capability to serve our national security mission. Our ongoing investments in LDRD continue to deliver long-term rewards for the Laboratory and the nation, supporting the full spectrum of national security interests encompassed by the missions of the Laboratory, the Department of Energy, and the National Nuclear Security Administration. Many of Livermore’s programs trace their roots to research thrusts that began under LDRD sponsorship. By keeping the Laboratory at the forefront of science and technology, maintaining our core competencies, building new capabilities, and reaching beyond the immediate challenges toward the future, the LDRD Program enables us to fulll our national security mission in an evolving global context. The LDRD Program is the largest single source of internal investment in our future, and for scal year 2013, the LDRD budget of $83.2 million supported 152 projects. These William H. Goldstein, Director projects were selected through an extensive peer-review process to ensure the highest scientic quality and mission relevance. The LDRD projects are consistent with the Laboratory’s strategic plan and have impact on the Laboratory in four distinct ways: • Attracting and retaining the best and the brightest workforce by conducting world-class science, technology, and engineering • Maintaining our competency in those core areas where our missions mandate that we must be the best, and evolving these competencies as our missions change • These core competency areas are consistent with the science, technology, and engineering foundations as dened in the strategic plan • Developing programs in strategic focus areas, guided by the strategic plan, where we have chosen to build or expand our inuence • Looking beyond the immediate challenges to future opportunities The LDRD Program is a success story. Our projects continue to win national recognition for excellence through prestigious awards, papers published in peer-reviewed journals, and patents granted. With its reputation for sponsoring innovative projects, the LDRD Program is not only a major vehicle for attracting and retaining the best and the brightest technical sta, but for establishing collaborations with universities, industry, and other scientic and research institutions. By keeping the Laboratory at the forefront of science and technology, the LDRD Program enables us to meet our mission challenges, especially those of national security in an evolving global context. ii LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY Contents Overview About Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .................................................................................................................................................................2 About Laboratory Directed Research and Development...................................................................................................................................................2 About the FY2012 Laboratory Directed Research and Development Annual Report..................................................................................................3 Highlights of Accomplishments for the Fiscal Year...............................................................................................................................................................4 Awards and Recognition.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Program Mission............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Program Structure.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Program Metrics.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Quantication of Carbon-14 by Optical Spectrometry, Ted Ognibene (11-ERD-044)........................................................................................... 38 Ultrafast, Sensitive Gamma and Neutron Detectors, Corey Bennett (11-ERD-052) ............................................................................................... 39 Resonantly Detected Photo-Acoustic Raman Spectroscopy as a New Analytical Method and Micro-Volume Probe, Jerry Carter (11-ERD-061)............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 A New Approach for Reducing Uncertainty in Biospheric Carbon Dioxide Flux, Sonia Wharton (12-ERD-043) ......................................... 43 Sub-Wavelength Plasmon Laser, Tiziana Bond (12-ERD-065)......................................................................................................................................... 46 High-Precision Test of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law with an Atom Interferometer, Stephen Libby (12-LW-009).....................