Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47602-7 — Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East Edited by Ian Hodder Index More Information Index Aboriginal Australia, 20 dei nition and interpretation of Abu Hureyra, 97 burials, 61 – 62 Achuar people, 43 , 49 , 171 potential contribution of mimetic theory, burial customs, 50 243 – 245 actor network theory, 198 Arendt, Hannah, 226 Addaura Cave, Sicily, 66 Arene Candide, Italy, 80 Aeneid (Virgil), 193 Ashanti people, 139 afterlife Aş ıklı Höyük, 5 , 236 indications of belief in, 106 Assmann, Jan, 206 aggressive egalitarianism (Hodder), Australopithecus, 191 181 , 207 Axelrod, Robert, 214 agriculture axial age, 29 , 30 emergence of, 203 invention of, 170 Bandera, Cesáreo, 193 ’Ain Ghazal, Jordan Bauer, Joachim, 218 , 224 violent injuries found, 68 – 69 bears aleatory victim, see scapegoat mechanism ; taboos relating to, 9 scapegoating Becker, Ernest, 42 – 43 , 45 – 46 , 53 – 54 , 56 altruism, 101 Benajmin, Walter, 41 explanations for, 213 – 214 Benz, Marion, 218 , 224 analogism, 20 , 21 , 171 , 173 – 182 , 204 Bible, 51 , 190 Andaman Islanders, 41 Gospels, 210 animal breeding, 170 subversion of the sacrii cial mechanism, animal sacrii ce 192 – 194 distorted perception of the victim, Bloch, Maurice, 56 132 – 135 transcendental social, 6 – 8 , 200 – 204 , 226 at Göbekli Tepe, 111 – 116 , 121 – 122 Boncuklu, 242 animism, 20 – 22 , 171 – 173 , 204 Bouphonia of ancient Greece, 153 , 155 anthropology bow “pacii ed past” issue, 8 emergence of, 83 archaeology Boyer, Pascal, 210 , 221 – 222 , 223 alternative interpretations of Boz, B., 55 evidence, 62 – 63 Brno, Czech Republic, 80 249 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47602-7 — Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East Edited by Ian Hodder Index More Information 250 Index bucrania depictions of ritualized violence against absence from Göbekli Tepe, 145 – 149 animals, 130 building sacrii ces, 50 – 53 description and signii cance of the site, 4 – 5 bull i ghting, 155 , 162 disparate treatment of leopards compared bull sacrii ce with other animals, 135 – 145 Bouphonia of ancient Greece, 153 , 155 distorted perception of the sacrii cial effects of domestication of cattle, 153 – 163 victim, 132 – 135 image at Göbekli Tepe, 167 emergence of religious treatment of relics in Çatalhöyük, 166 – 170 consciousness, 174 bulls evidence for interpersonal as domestic (inside) and wild violence, 71 – 73 (outside), 15 evidence for intragroup violence, 129 – 130 purpose of teasing and baiting, 22 evidence for a potential representing all- against- one violence, 15 scapegoat, 81 – 82 burials evidence for prohibitions and taboos, 9 cultural importance of the tomb, 46 – 50 funerary customs, 48 customs of the Achuar people, 50 Girardian perspective on violence, 74 – 78 dei nition and interpretation in history and i ndings of excavations, 5 – 6 archaeology, 61 – 62 history houses, 204 – 207 emergence of the practice, 44 – 45 interpretation of the evolution of intramural burial at Tikopia, 49 – 50 images, 186 irregular burials and scapegoats, 77 – 78 interpretations of the imagery of cattle, irregular burials at Dolní Vě stonice, 153 – 163 Czech Republic, 79 – 80 interpretation of sculptures, 106 irregular burials in the leopard claw i nd, 53 Palaeolithic, 78 – 81 living closely with the dead, 41 irregular burials at Romito, Italy, 80 management of social violence, 220 – 221 irregular burials and scapegoats, 77 – 78 managing the risk of lethal conl ict, irregular burials at Sungir, Russia, 79 129 – 132 Sungir, Russia, 47 memory and links to the past, 206 – 207 within houses at Çatalhöyük, 49 – 50 , placement of bull relics in houses, 205 , see also foundation burials 166 – 170 Burkert, Walter, 42 , 155 , 176 placement of stag relics in houses, 166 – 170 theory compared with Girard’s model, plastering and repainting of houses, 159 – 160 204 – 207 possible depictions of de- domestication Cain and Abel, 51 , 138 of cattle, 155 Calasso, Robert, 160 prevalence of intramural burial, 49 – 50 Canetti, Elias, 42 , 45 purpose of teasing and baiting bulls, 22 Çatalhöyük reasons for adherence to taboos, 10 adoption of domestic animals, 22 repeated plastering over and repainting alternative interpretations of of murals, 159 archaelogical evidence, 62 – 63 sacred areas within the houses, 134 – 135 analysis of clay balls found, 86 sacrii cial interpretation of images, application of mimetic theory, 165 – 166 3 – 4 , 29 – 30 sacrii cial rituals, 130 – 132 building sacrii ces, 52 – 53 signii cance of relics of sacrii cial bull as domestic (inside) and wild animals, 134 – 135 (outside), 15 symbolism and practical rules, 241 – 242 bull sacrii ce and the domestication of terror management, 53 – 56 cattle, 153 – 163 transition from relics to images, 183 – 186 decoding the leopard imagery, 135 – 145 treatment of the dead, 16 – 17 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47602-7 — Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East Edited by Ian Hodder Index More Information Index 251 violent imagery similar to that at cooperation Göbekli Tepe, 6 game theory, 214 – 216 vulture imagery, 136 views on the emergence of, 213 – 217 Çatalhöyük Research Project, xiii cooperative behavior, 101 cattle corvid birds (crow family) de- domestication for sacrii ce, 155 association with Göbekli Tepe, 120 cattle domestication cult of the dead, 56 , 183 , 184 , 185 bull sacrii ce and, 153 – 163 interpretation of Göbekli Tepe, 106 – 108 timing of, 153 – 163 cultural transmission Cauvin, Jacques, 154 Girardian perspective, 11 – 13 cave paintings, 240 culture Çayönü, 5 , 97 , 147 importance of the tomb, 46 – 50 Cervantes, Miguel de, 30 , 189 origins and meaning of, 190 – 191 Chantre, Benoît, 204 signii cance of emergence of burial, 18 child sacrii ce, 51 Czeszewska, Agata, 185 foundation burials, 51 – 52 Chipewyan people, 20 Da Vinci Code, The (Brown), 210 Christianity Damasio, Antonio, 28 inl uence on Girard’s theories, 18 – 19 Darwin, Charles, 28 perspective of mimetic theory, 194 – 197 Dawkins, Richard, 210 , 211 , 215 , 223 City in History, The (Mumford), 46 de Waal, Franz, 41 Clare, Lee, xiv , 145 – 146 , 148 , 155 , 167 , death 219 , 225 attitudes towards, 41 Clastres, Pierre, 183 attribution to some evil intention, 43 clay balls avoiding further violence over, 36 – 37 analysis of those found at desire for lasting importance, 46 Çatalhöyük, 86 potential violence unleashed by, 16 – 17 potential use as projectile purpose of funerary rites, 43 weapons, 83 – 84 role of religion to help deal with, 43 – 44 climate change as ultimate violence, 42 – 46 transition to sedentism and, 17 death anxiety cognitive anthropology, 209 cultural hero- system and, 55 – 56 accounting for religion, 209 means of overcoming, 42 – 46 cognitive archaeology terror management in accounting for religion, 209 Çatalhöyük, 53 – 56 approach to violence and the sacred, yearning for immortality, 53 – 54 217 – 225 death erection phenomenon, 116 – 117 , 167 aversion to transcendence, 225 – 230 Deceit, Desire and the Novel (Girard), 30 on the emergence of cooperation, de- domestication 213 – 217 cattle for sacrii ce, 155 on the emergence and persistence of dogs in contemporary culture, 162 religion, 210 – 213 Deir el Medina, 206 origins of the discipline, 209 Demirköy, 99t5.1 relationship to Girard’s Denial of Death, The (Becker), 53 anthropology, 210 Descola, Philippe, 43 , 49 , 166 , 167 view of religion, 13 – 14 four human– animal ontologies, 20 – 22 cognitive neuroscience, 209 four “world compositions”, 170 – 182 community ontological stages, 204 Dunbar’s number, 99 – 101 symbolic revolution in the Neolithic, complexity 170 – 182 concept, 227 doctrinal mode of religion, 156 , work of von Neumann, 227 – 228 158 – 159 , 161 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47602-7 — Violence and the Sacred in the Ancient Near East Edited by Ian Hodder Index More Information 252 Index dogs founding event for rituals, 34 – 36 de- domestication in contemporary fratricidal violence culture, 162 fear of, 138 – 139 Dolní Vě stonice, Czech Republic Frazer, James George, 31 irregular burials, 79 – 80 Freud, Sigmund, 31 , 43 , 166 , 190 domesticated animals functionalism, 216 as sacrii cial victims, 22 ritual and, 29 domestication functionalist view of religion, 13 – 14 of animals, 203 – 204 funerary practices consequences of sedentism, 174 Çatalhöyük, 48 timing of cattle domestication, 153 – 163 interpretation in archaeology, 61 – 62 Domuztepe, 9 purpose of, 43 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 30 , 189 Qafzeh 11 individual, Israel, 63 – 64 Dream Beings, Australia, 175 – 176 Fustel de Coulanges, N.D., 49 Dumont, Louis, 230 Dunbar, Robin, 222 game theory Dunbar’s number, 15 , 218 cooperation and, 214 – 216 community and, 99 – 101 evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), 215 and the emergence of the sacred, meaning of defection, 214 212 – 213 Nash equilibrium, 214 – 215 duopoles, theory of, 219 prisoner’s dilemma, 218 , 220 Dupuy, Jean- Pierre, xiv , 60 , 200 Stag Hunt game, 216 , 218 , 220 Durkheim, Émile, 31 , 158 , 211 – 212 , 223 , Gauchet, Marcel, 196 226 , 227 Geometric Kebaran culture, 64 Gibraltar skulls, 28 economics Girard, René consequences of generalized applying mimetic theory in Neolithic imitation, 229 sites, 3 – 4 Egypt approach to a theory of religion, 30 – 31 origin of the pyramids, 49 bull sacrii ce and the domestication of Elementary Forms of Religious