Doctoral Thesis Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) with Low Rank Coal; For Waste to Energy Concepts Carried out for the purpose of obtaining the degree of Doctor technicae (Dr. techn.) submitted at TU Wien, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Mudassar Azam Mat.Nr.: 1652642 Under the supervision of Ao. Univ.Prof. Dr. Franz Winter Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering Reviewed by Prof. Dr. Lucie Obalová Associate Prof. Pál Szentannai Institute of Environmental Technology Budapest University of Technology & Economics VSB Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava Department of Energy Engineering Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this doctoral thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Czech Republic H-1111 Budapest Műegyetem rkp.3. D206B. Hungary Affidavit I declare in lieu of oath, that I wrote this thesis and performed the associated research myself, using only literature cited in this volume. If text passages from sources are used literally, they are marked as such. I confrim that this work is original and has not been submitted elsewhere for any examination, nor is it currently under conisderation for a thesis elsewhere. Vienna, August, 2020 ___________________________ Signature Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this doctoral thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Waste to Energy (WTE), as a potential renewable energy source .................................. 2 1.2. MSW management and characterization status in Lahore, Pakistan ............................... 5 1.3. Fly ash .............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 10 3. Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Characterization of MSW and RDF .............................................................................. 11 3.2. TGA Analysis ................................................................................................................ 13 3.3. Characterization of fly ash ............................................................................................. 13 4. Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................... 18 4.1. Physical characteristics [26] .......................................................................................... 18 4.2. Chemical characteristics ................................................................................................ 19 4.3. Heavy metal content ...................................................................................................... 23 4.4. Economic aspect of energy recovery ............................................................................. 24 4.5. TG and DTG profiles ..................................................................................................... 26 4.6. Kinetic Modelling .......................................................................................................... 29 4.7. Kinetic Analysis using Model-fitting methods .............................................................. 33 4.8. Kinetic Analysis using Model-free methods. ................................................................ 37 4.9. Co-combustion of coal and solid wastes ....................................................................... 42 4.10. Fly ash characterization results .................................................................................... 46 5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 55 6. References ............................................................................................................................ 57 7. Appendix (Papers 1 - 4) ....................................................................................................... 64 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this doctoral thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Acknowledgments Apart from my personal efforts and willingness to achieve high academic education, I am blessed with people who have significantly contributed to this achievement. I would humbly express my gratitude to these valuable personalities in my life. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Franz Winter for his great support, guidance, and motivation in time of Ph.D studies and stay in Vienna, Austria. I could not have imagined a better supportive mentor for my Ph.D study. I am deeply indebted to my colleagues and friends Dr. Saman Setoodeh Jahromy and Mr. Faisal Yaseen for their valuable help and support during my Ph.D studies. I found myself short of words while thanking my parents; My father Muhammad Azam and mother Balquess Begum who herself never got a chance to join college or University but their love, prayers, guidance, and unbelievable encouraging attitude remained always with me to reach new heights. They are my ultimate support and role model. I owe specical thanks to my loving and caring wife Barizah Malik and son Muhammad Usama Mudassar for their unconditional love and support throughout the Ph.D process. At last, but not least, gratitude goes to all teachers and friends who directly and indirectly helped me out to complete this Ph.D thesis. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this doctoral thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Abbreviations/ Nomenclature ASTM American Society for testing and material CCS carbon capture and storage FWO Flylnn-Wall-Ozawa GHG greenhouse gases HHV high heating value IEA international energy agency TPES total primary supply ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy KAS Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose MSW municipal solid waste Mtoe Million tonnes of oil equivalent PSD particle size distribution RDF refuse-derived fuel SEM scanning electron microscope TCES thermoChemical energy storage TGA thermogravimetric analysis WTE waste to energy XRF X-ray fluorescence XRD X-ray diffraction MC moisture content FC fixed carbon R General Gas Constant VM volatile content ad air-dried basis daf dried ash-free basis α Fractional Conversion E Activation Energy (kJ/mol) A Pre-exponential Factor Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this doctoral thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Heating Rate (oC/min) 훽 Differential Form of Reaction Model 푓(훼) Integral Form of Reaction Model 2 푔R( 훼 ) Correlation Co-efficient n order of reaction List of Papers included in the Thesis Azam, M.; Setoodeh Jahromy, S.; Raza, W.; Raza, N.; Lee, S.S.; Kim, K.-H.; Winter,F. Status, characterization, and potential utilization of municipal solid waste as renewable energy source: Lahore case study in Pakistan. Environment international, 2020. 134: p. 105291 Azam, M.*; Setoodeh Jahromy, S.; Raza, W.; Jordan, C.; Harasek, M.; Winter, F. Comparison of the combustion characteristics and kinetic study of coal, municipal solid waste, and refuse‐ derived fuel: Model‐fitting methods. Energy Science & Engineering, 2019. Azam, M.*; Ashraf, A.; Setoodeh Jahromy, S.; Raza, W.; Khalid, H.; Raza, N.; Winter,F Isoconversional non-isothermal kinetic analysis of coal, municipal solid waste, and refuse- derived fuel. Energy Science & Engineering, 2020 Azam, M.*; Setoodeh Jahromy, S.; Raza, W.; Wesenauer, F.; Schwendtner, K.; Winter, F. Comparison of the Characteristics of Fly Ash Generated from Bio and Municipal Waste: Fluidized Bed Incinerators. Materials, 2019. 12(17): p. 2664. List of Papers not included in the Thesis Setoodeh Jahromy, S.*; Jordan, C.; Azam, M.; Werner, A.; Harasek, M.; Winter, F. Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration as a Potential Thermochemical Energy Storage Material. Energy & Fuels 2019, 33, 7, 5810-5819. Setoodeh Jahromy, S.*; Azam, M.; Huber, F.; Jordan, C.; Wesenauer, F.; Huber, C.; Naghdi, S.; Schwendtner, K.; Neuwirth, E.; Laminger, T.; Eder, D.; Harasek, M.; Winter, F. Comparing Fly Ash Samples from Different Types of Incinerators for Their Potential as Storage Materials for Thermochemical Energy and CO2. Materials 2019, 12(20), 3358. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this doctoral thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Poster and Conference participation Mudasser Azam*, Saman Setoodeh Jahromy, Franz Winter Municipal Solid Waste Management in Lahore, Pakistan: Characterization & Energy Content Recy&DepoTech 2018, 7.-9. November 2018, Leoben, Austria Saman Setoodeh Jahromy*, Christian