“Turkmenmallary” the Join-stock companies association of Turkmenistan at the Research Institute of the Livestock breeding and veterinary science. The First National report About the state of the farming animals genetic resources in Turkmenistan Ashgabat - 2004 2 “Turkmenmallary” the Join-stock companies association of Turkmenistan The Research Institute of the Livestock breeding and veterinary science The National Consult Committee on the animals genetic resources (FAO) «Approved» First president of the association «Turkmenmallary» _______________I.S.Meredov The First Report About the state of the farming animals genetic resources in Turkmenistan Ashgabat - 2004 3 The First National report about the state of the farming animal’s genetic resources in Turkmenistan was prepared by: 1. O. Annageldiev – the science secretary, head of department in the Research Institute of Livestock breeding and veterinary science, Agricultural Sciences Candidate, National coordinator of FAO project; Chapters No2,3,5 2. O.Annamukhammedov, the chief-specialist in Association “Turkmenmallary”, Agricultural Sciences Doctor, NKK member; Introduction, Chapters No 1,4, proposals, general edition of the Russian text. 3. In preparation of some materials also took part scientific workers of the Research Institute of Livestock breeding and veterinary science, NKK members: O.Artykov, Agricultural Sciences Candidate (caraculs breeding), A.Cherkezov, H.Nurgeldiev, Agricultural Sciences Candidates (livestock breeding), G.Saparov, Agricultural Sciences Candidate (camel breeding), J.Aitmammedov (poultry breeding). The Report was approved by Association “Turkmenmallary” and the Research Institute of Livestock breeding and veterinary science. 4 CONTENT Introduction p. 5 1. Country introduction p. 6 2. Production systems p. 11 3. Animals genetic diversity p.13 4. The use of the agricultural animals p.30 genetic resources (AGR) 5. The stock-breeding business development in the livestock branch and AGR use p.36 6. The traditional methods of the AGR use p.41 7. The state and the prospective of the AGR management p.42 8. The generalization and proposal p.45 9. International collaboration on the AGR p.49 maintaining and use 5 Introduction Animal’s genetic resources are valuable country treasure and their purposeful use is important reserve for the food steady raising. Turkmenistan is rich in these resources: caraculs and saraja sheep, camels of Arvana specie, local cattle and poultry populations, Akhal-teke and Yomood horses. The above is incomplete list of genetic resources created by local selectionists having great value as well for Turkmenistan as for the world community. In the First Report there was made an attempt to analyze the country’s AGR state, species diversity, level of use and opportunities for their preservation and development. There are given proposals for regional and international bridging. In the Report there were reflected high livestock breeding development rates during the Independence years, main factors of this growth such as tax exemption, deliverance from the state order on livestock production and limitation on the cattle heads quantity in private farms and the other measures realized under the President of Turkmenistan initiative. Great attention was paid to the livestock breeding and AGR growth in according to the National Social and Economic development Program on the period till 2020 by President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Turkmenbashi. The Report was prepared on the base of materials worked out by Research Institute of the Livestock breeding and veterinary science taking into account the experience of the branch conduct on farms with the different managing systems and also published data about livestock breeding. In the Report there were shown the branch development priorities, the AGR use and possible ways to engage in the world gene pool for perfection of species and animals populations. On the Report base there will be worked out the selection programs for the livestock breeding development, creating the pedigree cattle herds’ selection service taking into account the new conditions of the livestock breeding management. There will be paid great attention to detection, preservation and use in selection work of the vanishing aborigine beasts and birds populations and their locating on the farm at the Research Institute of Livestock breeding and veterinary science. 6 1. Country introduction 1.1. General information about Turkmenistan and its agricultural sector National Emblem of Turkmenistan and National flag of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is Independent (since 27 of October 1991) and neutral (since 12-th of December 1995 under UN General Assembly decision) Central Asian country. On South-West it is contiguous with Islamic Republic of Iran, on the South with Afghanistan, on the North-East with Uzbekistan, on the North-west with Kazakhstan. There are mountains on the country territory such as Kopet-Dag, Balkan-Dag and Koyten –Dag, big territory occupied with Kara-Kum desert (38 million ha), Turkmenistan is sharing 24% of the Caspian water surface. Territory of Turkmenistan is 49 million hectares from which the plough-land is 1, 8 hectares (land able to till is 13 million hectares), the desert is 38 million hectares, and mountains are 2 million hectares. Climate in Turkmenistan is harshly continental, summer temperatures are 30- 47°C at maximum 45-48°C at daytime, in the winter the temperatures at the average 0.2-2°C the minimum may reach -20°C and lower. The atmospheric precipitates have place in spring months; the summer is mainly drought season. Precipitation average is 150 mm including mountain zone -154-315 mm and Central Kara-Kum -80-120 mm. Agricultural crops are cultivated basically on watering. During Independence years Turkmenistan on its account constructed railroad Tedjen-Serakhs (Iran) _____ km. there is continuing the railway and highway construction (575 km) Ashgabat- Dashoguz.in rapid pace there are created local industry; Turkmenbashi an Seyidi oil refinery plants were reconstructed and there are produced all sorts of petrol, engine oils, polypropylene etc.; in Gazachak (Lebap district) there was established the technology of the liquefied gas production. 7 In Turkmenistan carried out the big work on creation own textile industry, there were built and now work more than 100 textile plants ( before 1991 there was only 1) including such giants like Ashgabat Textile complex whose products (jeans fabric) mainly exported into European countries and USA. The National Program of the Country Social and Economic reorganization by President Saparmurat Turkmenbashy pays the great attention to agrarian sector development. At short time there was solved the problem of the own grain supply, in 2004 the wheat production was 2, 8 million ton of food grain at the real need of 1 million ton (against figure 1990 of 70-75 thousand ton). The lands under grain cultures (in first turn wheat) lay inside 750-850 thousand hectares. Climatic conditions of Turkmenistan allow to crop most valuable fine-fiber (1 type) and medium-fiber (IV type) cotton. Their square is reached up to 650 thousand hectares. There are used mainly own sorts. In Turkmenistan there is carried out big hydro technical construction. Kara- Kum River (channel) with length of 1100 km is crossing the whole country territory from Amu-Darya River to Bereket etrap in Balkan district in open regime (1100 km) and to Caspian Sea on pipeline. Kara-Kum River provides with fresh and flushing water Mary, Akhal and Balkan regions. Along the river-bed there were built numerous ponds. Nowadays in the center of Kara- Kum desert there is built the Turkmen Lake with volume of 144 cubic km where will be collected all drainage water from the hole country territory through collectors with length of 880 km. The country is divided on 5 velayats (regions): Akhal, Balkan, Lebap, Mary and Dashoguz. On the climatic conditions the most inclement is northern Dashoguz velayat where the winter starts some earlier (in November); winters are often cold (minus 15 degrees C). The summer is comparatively fresh and short, the 8 spring starts later. Due to these peculiarities the sowing terms for agricultural crops are s shifted. The country population on data 2004 is 6, 4 million; early growth is at the level 3-4%. Proportion of rural population is 54% against 46% of urban population. This ratio is remained during last 40 years. Population national content is: Turkmen - 92%, Russians - 5%, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Azerbaijani, and Armenians - 3% In Social Program by President the important highlight given to the improvement of the peoples life conditions. There were provided natural gas, power, salt, water, “symbolic” municipal service tariffs, low prices for petrol, public conveyances. In the country there is Turkmen agricultural Institute, 4 Research Institutes of agricultural course including Institute of livestock breeding and veterinary science. In problem AGR preservation and use there was engaged Institute of livestock breeding and veterinary science, Turkmen agricultural University named after S.A. Niyazov. Agricultural sector management has branch character. There were created State Associations such as “Turkmengallaonumlery” responsible for grain cropping development, “Turkmenmallary” responsible for livestock problems, “Turkmenatlary” responsible for horses breeding, State Concern “Turkmenpagta” is responsible for cotton- growing development, Association “Turkmenobakhizmat” – technical supply of agricultural