Title page Development of Automotive Textiles with Antiodour/Antimicrobial Properties A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology Saniyat Islam B. Sc. in Textile Technology, 2003 School of Fashion and Textiles Design and Social Context Portfolio RMIT University June, 2008 DECLARATION I, Saniyat Islam, certify that: a. except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the candidate alone; b. the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; c. the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out in the school of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, in between March 2006 to June 2008. d. any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged. e. ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. -------------------------------------- Saniyat Islam June, 2008 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to both my supervisors Dr. Olga Troynikov and Dr. Rajiv Padhye for their encouragement, kind support, keen attention, critical discussions, valuable advice and guidance, and hats off to them. My sincere thanks to: Dr. Margaret Deighton, Mac Fergusson, Dr. Lyndon Arnold and Pinakin Chaubal and Anton Troynikov for giving valuable advice and help on many aspects of this research work. Also I would like to take this opportunity to thank Celia Mackenzie, Olivia, Emily, Yu Kiu, Bintao, Nalin for their support for doing the microbiology testing and Philip Francis, Manager Electron Microscopy, for helping with scanning electron microscopy. I am grateful to my wife Linda, for her love and support during the preparation of this thesis. I would like to thank my buddies Abu Saleh Md. Junaid, Hasna Shireen, Raihan Ali Bashir, Rima Rahman, K.N. Ahsan Noman, Sumaiya Islam, Galib Mohiuddin, Sonya Head, Christina Prince, Gertha Imelda for their continuous encouragement and moral boost. Special thanks to Nasar Momin, Kanesalingam Sinnappoo and Awais Khatri for their endless encouragement and support. I can never thank enough Wendy Vella (administrative officer), Janelle Russell, Pippa Schmitt, Daniella Gentile, Anne Marino, John Lalor and Mary Jo O’rourke. I also would like to thank Keith Cowlishaw and Anna Solomun for helping with the administrative facet of the MS course. iii Dedication DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents and family members iv Contents Title page ........................................................................................................................i Declaration ....................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements......................................................................................................iii Dedication.....................................................................................................................iv Contents ........................................................................................................................v List of figures .............................................................................................................viii List of tables.................................................................................................................xi List of abbreviations...................................................................................................xiii Abstract ......................................................................................................................xiv 1. Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................1 Background research.....................................................................................................1 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................1 1.1. Technical textiles ...................................................................................................1 1.2. Automotive Textiles...............................................................................................5 1.2.1. Polyester..............................................................................................................6 1.2.2. Polyamides (Nylon 6 and Nylon 6, 6).................................................................8 1.2.3. Polypropylene .....................................................................................................9 1.3. Manufacturing process of technical textiles.........................................................10 1.4.1. Sense of smell ...................................................................................................13 1.4.2. Antiodour and Fragrance Finishing ..................................................................14 1.4.3. Microencapsulation...........................................................................................17 1.4.4. Evaluation of smell intensity.............................................................................20 1.5. Antimicrobial finishing ........................................................................................22 1.5.1. Chitosan as an antimicrobial agent ...................................................................24 1.5.2. Factors affecting antimicrobial activity of chitosan..........................................25 1.5.3. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity..................................................................26 2. Chapter 2 .....................................................................................................................28 Research concept and hypothesis................................................................................28 2.1. Research concept..................................................................................................28 2.2. Objectives of the study.........................................................................................29 2.3. Hypothesis............................................................................................................30 v 3. Chapter 3 .....................................................................................................................31 Experimental design, methodology and methods .......................................................31 3.1. Materials and equipment used..............................................................................31 3.1.1. Fabrics...............................................................................................................31 3.1.2. Binders ..............................................................................................................32 3.1.3. Aromatic oil (O) specification ..........................................................................33 3.1.4. Fragrance carrier Microcapsule (MC) Specification.........................................34 3.1.5. Laboratory equipment used for experiments and analysis of results ................34 3.2. Study design and methodology............................................................................35 3.2.1. Preliminary experiments ...................................................................................36 3.2.1.1. Experimental capsule 1 ..................................................................................37 3.2.1.2. Experimental capsule 2 ..................................................................................38 3.2.1.3. Experimental capsule 3 ..................................................................................39 3.2.1.4. Experimental capsule 4 ..................................................................................40 3.2.2. Final set of experiments ....................................................................................41 3.2.2.1. Experimental capsule 5 ..................................................................................41 3.3. Methods................................................................................................................42 3.3.1. Determination the film-formation capability of chitosan .................................42 3.3.2. Determination of the particle size of microcapsules and microcapsule and chitosan combination ..................................................................................................42 3.3.3. Degree of deacetylation (DD) determination by FTIR spectroscopy ...............42 3.3.4. Testing method for evaluating smell intensity (smell rating method) ..............43 3.3.4.1. Determination of smell retention with abrasion.............................................44 3.3.5. Antimicrobial activity test.................................................................................44 3.3.5.1. Screening test .................................................................................................44 3.3.5.2. Confirmatory test ...........................................................................................45 3.3.6. Data analysis method ........................................................................................46 4. Chapter 4 .....................................................................................................................47 Results and discussion ................................................................................................47 4.1. Results..................................................................................................................47