AP Chemistry Summer Assignment 2020-2021 Dr. Kevin Huang ([email protected]) Welcome to AP Chemistry. I hope that you are looking forward to the challenge of taking a college-level chemistry course as much as I am looking forward to helping you to prepare for the AP Chemistry Exam administered on Friday May 7, 2021. In the interest of saving some valuable time, and to let us hit the ground running when school starts back up again in September, it is important that we make sure that you have a solid foundation in some basic topics that were covered in your first-year chemistry course. There is a lot of material that we need to cover next year, so it is important that we hit the ground running. It is also very important that you do a significant amount of independent study including weekends, vacations, and other breaks. If you or your family are planning on taking a trip during one of the extended breaks next year, I strongly recommend that trip to occur during winter break rather than spring break, if at all possible. With the exam being so early in May, it is important for us to complete the curriculum in early-to-mid-April to allow sufficient time to practice past AP exam questions. Thus, there are some topics that you should remember from your first year of chemistry that you need to review this summer so that we all start with the same basic background. You should arrive in September with a mastery of the basics of significant digits, scientific notation, proper use of units, simple unit conversions, factor-label method (dimensional analysis) and the methods used to analyze laboratory data. You must know the names, symbols and charges of the common monatomic ions. A list of polyatomic ions that must be memorized is attached. Be able to write formulas with charges when given the name and vice-versa. You also need to know how to name acids (such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid). I have also attached a guide to naming compounds that was used in my Honors Chemistry class. When doing calculations, you will be expected to correctly use the factor-label method (aka Dimensional Analysis) to show your work on all homework, tests, and labs and to use the proper units on all numbers. A list of SI unit prefixes is also attached, and these prefixes, along with the conversion factors they represent, must also be memorized. Be sure you can write answers to mathematical operations using the correct number of significant digits (also called significant figures). The College Board (for the most part) allows leeway of one significant digit in either direction, so I follow a similar policy. Your summer assignment (Labeled as HW #1-1 and HW #2-1) is listed on page 3 of this packet and starts on page 4. Chapters 1 and 2 are found at the end of this PDF. Do the problems to the best of your ability. This material is meant to be a review. You may find that you remember most of this content, but do not assume you fully remember it. The full summer assignment is due on the first day of class, Tuesday September 8th. It will be checked and counted as a homework assignment. In the event that school is still being conducted remotely in September, I will announce instructions for submission at that time. We will review the full summer assignment on that Thursday and Friday. There will be a full period test on the contents of the summer assignment on or about Friday September 11th (final date TBA). Summary of the first few days of school: Tuesday September 8: Full summer assignment (HW #1-1 and #2-1) will be checked at start of class. In class, we will mainly discuss Chapter 1 and HW #1-1. Wednesday September 9: In class, we will continue to discuss Chapters 1 and 2. Thursday September 10: Last chance to discuss Chapters 1-2. We will start Chapter 3 in class. Friday September 11: TEST: Chapters 1-2 (70 pts) Common Polyatomic Ions: You must have these memorized! Ion Name + NH4 Ammonium - NO2 Nitrite - NO3 Nitrate OH- Hydroxide CN- Cyanide - MnO4 Permanganate - HCO3 Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate) ClO- Hypochlorite - ClO2 Chlorite - ClO3 Chlorate - ClO4 Perchlorate - C2H3O2 Acetate 2- CO3 Carbonate 2- SO3 Sulfite 2- SO4 Sulfate 2- O2 Peroxide 2- CrO4 Chromate 2- Cr2O7 Dichromate 3- PO4 Phosphate 3- PO3 Phosphite Also memorize: Aluminum ion Al3+ Silver ion Ag1+ Zinc ion Zn2+ Cadmium ion Cd2+ Prefixes Used with SI Units Prefix Symbol Meaning Example Tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 or 1012 1 terameter (Tm) = 1´1012 m Giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 109 1 gigameter (Gm) = 1´109 m Mega- M 1,000,000 or 106 1 megameter (Mm) = 1´106 m Kilo- k 1,000 or 103 1 kilometer (km) = 1´103 m Deci- d 1/10 or 10–1 1 decimeter (dm) = 1´10–1 m Centi- c 1/100 or 10–2 1 centimeter (cm) = 1´10–2 m Milli- m 1/1000 or 10–3 1 millimeter (mm) = 1´10–3 m Micro- µ 1/1,000,000 or 10–6 1 micrometer (µm) = 1´10–6 m Nano- n 1/1,000,000,000 or 10–9 1 nanometer (nm) = 1´10–9 m Pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000 or 10–12 1 picometer (pm) = 1´10–12 m Summer Assignment • This full assignment (HW # 1-1 and HW #2-1, Significant Figures worksheet, and Nomenclature worksheet) is due on the 1st day of school—Tuesday, September 8th. • This assignment will count as a homework assignment for the 1st quarter (worth 40 points) • I expect you to read the book to brush up on the material in Chapters 1 and 2. • You must show your work to get credit for the homework. For calculation questions, you must use factor label method (unit conversions or dimensional analysis). Thus, every number must have units. This factor label method is crucial in this course because it allows you to show your work for multistep calculations quickly, clearly and fully. College Board awards points for implied calculations (like converting to moles before converting to something else) where the calculation is built into a string of dimensional analysis even though a number was never explicitly calculated for that step. • Please write all final answers with the proper number of significant figures. For more help on significant figures, do the Significant Figures worksheet attached to this packet. • For more help with Naming Compounds, do the Nomenclature worksheet attached to this packet. Chapter 1 READ CHAPTER 1 HW #1-1: DO PROBLEMS, pg. 32 #22, 23, 33, 35, 43, 47, 53, 55, 57, 73, 75, 81, 83, 85, 87, 91, 95, 97, 103, *123, + SIGNIFICANT DIGITS WORKSHEET Important information to help solve these problems: 1 kg = 2.205 lbs 1 ton = 2000 lbs 1 mi = 1.609 km 1 in = 2.54 cm Speed of light = c = 3.00´108 m/s 1 mL = 1 cm3 V of a cylinder = πr2h Chapter 2 READ CHAPTER 2 HW # 2-1: DO PROBLEMS pg. 65 #39, 57, 61, 63, 65, 67, 71, 73, 85, 99, 103, + NOMENCLATURE WORKSHEET Chapter 1 Questions and Exercises: Important information to help solve these problems: 1 kg = 2.205 lbs 1 ton = 2000 lbs 1 mi = 1.609 km 1 in = 2.54 cm Speed of light = c = 3.00´108 m/s 1 mL = 1 cm3 V of a cylinder = πr2h 22. What is the difference between random error and systematic error? 23. A measurement is a quantitative observation involving both a number and a unit. What is a qualitative observation? What are the SI units for mass, length, and volume? What is the assumed uncertainty in a number (unless stated otherwise)? The uncertainty of a measurement depends on the precision of the measuring device. Explain. 33. How many significant figures are there in each of the following values? a. 6.07 ´ 10-15 b. 0.003840 c. 17.00 d. 8 ´ 108 e. 463.8052 f. 300 g. 301 h. 300. 35. Round each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits, and write the answer in correct scientific notation: a. 0.00034159 to 3 digits b. 103.351 ´ 102 to 4 digits c. 17.9915 to 5 digits d. 3.365 ´ 105 to 3 digits 43. Perform each of the following conversions: a. 8.43 cm to millimeters b. 2.41 ´ 102 cm to meters c. 294.5 nm to centimeters d. 1.445 ´ 104 m to kilometers 47. Using the following exact conversion factors (not taken into consideration for significant figures) to perform the stated calculations: (5.5 yd = 1 rod, 40 rods = 1 furlong, 8 furlongs = 1 mile) a. The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25 miles. How long is the race in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers? b. A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 yards. What is this distance in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers? 53. Science fiction often uses nautical analogies to describe space travel. If the starship USS Enterprise is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in knots and in miles per hour? (Warp 171 = 5.00 times the speed of light, speed of light (c) = 3.00 ´ 108 m/s, 1 knot = 2030 yd/hour) 55. You are driving 65 miles/hr and take your eyes off the road for “just a second.” What distance (in feet) do you travel in this time? 57.