Scoping Study on the Radio Navigation Services in Europe Systems Inventory, Modernisation Plans, User Needs, Key Stakeholders and Regulatory Framework Armiens, C. and Fortuny, J. Commission Only 2016 JRC105235 This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC105235 Ispra: European Commission, 2016 © European Union, 2016 The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. How to cite this report: Armiens, C. and Fortuny, J., Status of Radio Navigation Services in Europe. All images © European Union 2016, except: figure 2, figure 3, figure 4, figure 5, figure 6, figure 7, figure 8, figure 9, figure 10, figure 11, figure 12, figure 13, figure 14, figure 16, figure 17, figure 18, figure 19, figure 20, figure 22, figure 23, figure 24, figure 25, figure 26, figure 29, figure 31, figure 32, figure 33, figure 35, figure 36, figure 37, figure 38, figure 40, figure 41, figure 42, figure 44, figure 45, figure 49, figure 50, figure 51, figure 52, figure 53, figure 54, figure 60, figure 61, figure 62, figure 63, figure 64, figure 65, figure 66, figure 67, figure 68, figure 69, figure 70, figure 71 and figure 72. Title Scoping study on the Radio Navigation Services in Europe Abstract The Space Strategy for Europe recently adopted by the European Commission announced the future release of a European radio navigation plan (ERNP) to facilitate the introduction of global navigation satellite system applications in sectoral policies. The development of an ERNP is a complex process with a large number of stakeholders involved, therefore it has to be initiated having some key background information about the ecosystem of radio navigation systems in Europe and a full understanding of the policy context. The scoping study subject of this report is aimed at gathering these key elements needed to initiate the process of establishing an ERNP. More specifically, this study presents an inventory of all the radio navigation systems currently deployed in Europe as reported in National and sectoral radio navigation plans that are publicly available, their modernisation and rationalisation plans with a 10-15 year timeframe, the requirements in key user segments, the roles of the principal stakeholders involved, and a summary of the various legislative procedures and other regulatory measures touching upon radio navigation services and infrastructures that have been adopted in the EU since 2010. Printed in 2016 (Italy) Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................... 2 Contents .............................................................................................................. 3 Background ...................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8 2. Relevant National and Sectoral Radio Navigation Plans ......................................... 11 2.1 National Radio Navigation Plans ................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Swedish Radio Navigation Plan. Policy and Plans. 2009 ........................... 12 2.1.2 General Lighthouse Authorities. The United Kingdom and Ireland. Radio Navigation Plan 2012. .................................................................................. 17 2.2 International Organisations - Maritime ......................................................... 19 2.2.1 International Maritime Organisation. Worldwide Radio Navigation System. Resolution A.1046(27). December 2011. ........................................................ 19 2.2.2 International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities. World Wide Radio Navigation Plan. Edition 2. December 2012 .......... 20 2.3 International Organisations – Air Navigation ................................................. 23 2.3.1 ICAO Global Air Navigation Plan 2013 – 2028 ........................................ 23 2.3.2 SESAR Joint Undertaking. European ATM Master Plan. Edition 2015 ......... 27 2.4 Additional References ................................................................................. 33 2.4.1 Federal Radio Navigation Plan of the United States. Edition 2014 ............. 33 2.5 Main Findings ............................................................................................ 41 3. Description of Radio Navigation Systems ............................................................ 45 3.1 Satellite-based Systems ............................................................................. 46 3.1.1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems ..................................................... 46 3.1.2 Augmentations to Global Navigation Satellite Systems ............................ 68 3.2 Ground-based Systems .............................................................................. 79 3.2.1 NDB ................................................................................................. 79 3.2.2 VOR ................................................................................................. 81 3.2.3 DME ................................................................................................. 83 3.2.4 ILS................................................................................................... 85 3.2.5 MLS ................................................................................................. 89 3.2.6 Loran-C / Chayka ............................................................................... 92 3.2.7 eLoran .............................................................................................. 95 3.2.8 Differential eLoran ............................................................................. 97 3.2.9 Longwave time and frequency distribution systems ................................ 98 3.2.10 Emerging positioning and timing services. .......................................... 101 3.3 Main Findings .......................................................................................... 107 4. End-User Requirements .................................................................................. 115 3 4.1 Civil Aviation ........................................................................................... 116 4.2 Maritime Navigation ................................................................................. 118 4.3 Land-based Navigation ............................................................................. 120 4.3.1 Road Transport ................................................................................ 120 4.3.2 Agriculture ...................................................................................... 121 4.3.3 Mapping and Surveying .................................................................... 122 4.3.4 Location-based Services ................................................................... 123 4.3.5 Railways ......................................................................................... 123 4.4 Precise Timing and Synchronisation ........................................................... 126 4.5 Emerging applications .............................................................................. 127 5. Key Stakeholders........................................................................................... 134 5.1 European Commission .............................................................................. 135 5.2 European GNSS Agency, GSA .................................................................... 136 5.3 European Space Agency, ESA .................................................................... 138 5.4 European Satellite Services Provider, ESSP ................................................. 140 5.5 Eurocontrol ............................................................................................. 141 5.6 SESAR Joint Undertaking, SJU ................................................................... 143 5.7 European Aviation Safety Agency, EASA ..................................................... 145 5.8 Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking ...................................................................... 146 5.9 European Maritime Radionavigation Forum, EMRF ........................................ 149 5.10 International Maritime Organisation, IMO .............................................. 150 5.11 International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, IALA ........................................................................................... 151 5.12 International Civil Aviation Organisation, ICAO ...................................... 153 6. Overview of Regulatory Framework .................................................................. 154 6.1 EU GNSS Programmes Governance ...........................................................