Free-ranging avifauna as a source of generalist parasites for captive birds in zoological settings: An overview of parasite records and potential for cross-transmission Carrera-Játiva, P. D., Morgan, E. R., Barrows, M., Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., & Armijos Tituaña, J. R. (2020). Free- ranging avifauna as a source of generalist parasites for captive birds in zoological settings: An overview of parasite records and potential for cross-transmission. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 7(3), 482-500. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g445 Published in: Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright 2020 the authors. 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Oct. 2021 JOURNAL OF ADVANCED VETERINARY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH ISSN 2311-7710 (Electronic) http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g445 September 2020 A periodical of the Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET) VOL 7, NO. 3, PAGES 482–500 REVIEW ARTICLE Free-ranging avifauna as a source of generalist parasites for captive birds in zoological settings: An overview of parasite records and potential for cross-transmission Patricio D. Carrera-Játiva1, Eric R. Morgan2, Michelle Barrows3, Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui4, Jorky Roosevelt Armijos Tituaña1,5 1Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador 2School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom 3Department of Veterinary Services and Conservation Medicine, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Bristol, United Kingdom 4Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador 5Facultad Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Captive birds in zoological settings often harbor parasites, but little information is available about Received April 25, 2020 the potential for free-ranging avifauna to act as a source of infection. This review summarizes the Revised June 11, 2020 gastrointestinal parasites found in zoo birds globally and in seven common free-ranging avian spe- Accepted July 11, 2020 cies [mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula), common starling (Sturnus Published August 22, 2020 vulgaris), Eurasian jackdaw (Corvus monedula), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), European KEYWORDS robin (Erithacus rubecula), and rock dove (Columba livia)] to identify the overlap and discuss the potential for cross-species transmission. Over 70 references were assessed, and papers spanned Birds; captive; free living; over 90 years from 1925 to 2019. A total of 60 studies from 1987 to 2019 met the eligibility cri- host specificity; parasites; zoo. teria. All examined free-ranging avifauna harbored parasite species that were also reported in zoo birds, except for the European jackdaw. Parasites reported in captive and free-ranging birds include nematodes (Capillaria caudinflata, Dispharynx nasuta, Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus, This is an Open Access article Strongyloides avium, Syngamus trachea, and Tetrameres fissispina), cestodes (Dicranotaenia distributed under the terms of the coronula, Diorchis stefanskii, Fimbriaria fasciolaris, and Raillietina cesticillus, Sobolevicanthus Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 gracilis), trematode (Echinostoma revolutum), and protozoa (Cryptosporidium baileyi). Although Licence (http://creativecommons.org/ no study effectively proved cross-transmission either experimentally or by genetic analysis, these licenses/by/4.0) parasites demonstrate low host specificity and a high potential for parasite sharing. There is potential for parasite sharing whenever determinants such as host specificity, life cycle, and hus- bandry are favorable. More research should be carried out to describe parasites in both captive and free-ranging birds in zoological settings and the likelihood of cross-infection. Such information would contribute to evidence-based control measures, enhancing effective husbandry and pre- ventive medicine protocols. Introduction Birds in zoological collections often harbor a variety of gas- as they control insects and act as critical regulators in food trointestinal parasites despite appropriate husbandry and Free-ranging birds are essential for ecosystem stability[10]. veterinary care [1–3]. These parasites often cause disease chains, pollinators, seed dispersers, and scavengers However, they areCryptosporidium also essential sourcesmeleagridis of parasites spread forby in captive birds because confinement increases the risk of a wide range of11] animal taxa, including humans and other [4–inter9] .and intraspecific transmission, and sometimes high livingmammals to captive (e.g., birds in the zoological collection is possible levels of stress may decrease the host’s immune response Galliformes) [3, . The risk of parasite spillover from free Correspondence Patricio D. Carrera-Jativa [email protected] Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador. How to cite: Carrera-Játiva PD, Morgan ER, Barrows M, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Armijos Tituaña JR. Free-ranging avifauna as a source of generalist parasites for captive birds in zoological settings: An overview of parasite records and potential for cross-transmission. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3):482–500. http://bdvets.org/javar/ Carrera-Játiva et al./ J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 482–500, September 2020 482 - - in theory, but in practice it depends on parasite–host13]. speci However, comparative studies that investigate the poten ficity, parasite life cycle, host resistance, husbandry-related- [38]tial overlap. Understanding of generalist of which parasites parasites and cross-transmission occur in captive factors, and environmental conditions [5,12, birdsbetween and zoo free-ranging birds and free-rangingavifauna in avifaunazoological are settingslimited The host specificity of parasites is variable. Some para site species can affect a limited number of host species (also generalistsknown as highly [14– 16]host-specific).. Parasite-sharing On the usuallycontrary, depends others can on could provide insights into risks of transmission and help be found in many host species, which are considered as reviewto establish are to effective identify prevention the overlap and between control gastrointestinal measures for parasitezoological species collections. reported The in captiveobjectives birds of globally this systematic and those the similarity of physiological characteristics among host- species, which is likely to be higher in hosts that are17– closely21]. Accordingrelated phylogenetically to Rohde [22] and/or share similar feeding hab reported in seven common urban free-ranging bird species its, ecological niches, or geographic locations [14, andMaterials to discuss and the M ethodspotential for cross-species transmission. , a method to estimate parasite host specificity consists of the evaluation of “the number Database search of host species from which the parasite has been collected.”- sisOther of phylogenetic methods comprise distinctiveness the estimation of hosts of the variation22]. in parasite infection levels among host species and the analy- Relevant scientific documents were identified[39] and reviewed [13,14, 23–37]. parasitefollowing species the Preferred which have Reporting been reported Items infor captive Systematic birds A vast amount of information is available about par Reviews declaration guidelines (Fig. 1) . We identified asite taxa present in domestic and wild birds [15, Figure 1. Flow diagram describing the study’s design process. http://bdvets.org/javar/ Carrera-Játiva et al./ J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 7(3): 482–500, September 2020 483 Data extractions and analysis - and seven common free-ranging avian species using the- Natural History Museum (NHM) London’s host–parasite Extracted data included information about parasite spe database/search.jspdatabase (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/sci[40] - cies, host species, type of animal (captive or free-ranging), entific-resources/taxonomy-systematics/host-parasites/ on endoparasites in captive and free-ranging birds were geographic location, authors, and year of publication. Data online [40] ) . NHM is a compilation of refer to host phylogenetic relationships. Results were displayed ences for parasites in many animal taxa and is available- tabulated to determine parasite species overlap, according .