University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Winter 1978 TYPES OF POWER ASSERTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN MARRIAGE JOYCE ELLIOTT FOSS Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation FOSS, JOYCE ELLIOTT, "TYPES OF POWER ASSERTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN MARRIAGE" (1978). Doctoral Dissertations. 1218. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1218 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. 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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1 R 4EJ, ENGLAND 7921021 F08S# JOYCE ELLIOTT TYPES OF POWER ASSERTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN MARRIAGE, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, P H .D ., 1978 COPR, 1979 F0S8, JOYCE ELLIOTT University; Microfilms International s o o n , z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , m u s k * © 1979 JOYCE ELLIOTT FOSS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5 d* TYPES OF POWER ASSERTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IN MARRIAGE by JOYCE E. FOSS B.A., Bates College, 1970 M.A., University of New Hampshire, 1974 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate School Department of Sociology December, 1978 This thesis has been examined and approved. Thesis ^Direct6r, Murray A. Straus, Prof. of Sociology L f l t M C i Z - K ( W m ___________ Lance K. Canon, Asst. Prof. of Psychology Loren Cobb, Sociology Research Fellow . Hartisen, Asst. Prof. of Home Economics Howard M. Shapiro, ‘Assoc. Prof. of Sociology f, /97t Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Murray Straus has had the most direct influence on this work. He provided the initial spark, and much continu­ ing stimulation, for my interest in family sociology. Murray was my advisor for the project, and his guidance, suggestions criticisms, and especially his enthusiasm when mine was flagging, have been invaluable. The research was carried out through a NIMH training grant (13050-01) on applied research in family, behavior problems, and community agencies. Howard Shapiro directed the specific project upon which I have drawn. His creativity willingness to accommodate my needs in the research design, and continuing involvement, are most appreciated. My friends and colleagues in the training grant— Sandy Gardner Atwell, Joe Carroll, Keith Farrington, Jean Giles, and Gerry Hotaling— as well as Edmund Temple together formed the very fine research team which actually carried out the research. Sandy, Keith, and Gerry especially have contributed to my work over these years. I cannot imagine a finer group of people to work with than those connected with the grant, and am delighted to have this exceptional experience of teamwork and mutual respect to carry with me. Lance Cannon, Loren Cobb, and Larry Hansen have provided valuable suggestions and encouragement. Informal talks with Larry helped renew my energies in the final stages of writing. Martha Huggins and Dennis Foss also commented on drafts of some of the chapters. The three typists who have worked on this thesis— Jackie Wright, Ruth Ann Ragel, and Pam Martin— have all been skillful, dependable, and a pleasure to work with. Sangamon State University made its facilities available to me, thereby helping to support the completion of the project. Bob Randall assisted in coding the session transcripts. His insights helped refine the coding system, and his application of the system was extremely conscientious. I want to thank Len Adams and Mary Klindt for joining me in the risk-taking needed to overcome writing blocks. Their friendship and support had much to do with my finishing this work, and their comments improved the work itself. My biggest and broadest thanks go to my husband and colleague, Dennis Foss. He is ever-curious and delights in playing with wide-ranging ideas and sharpening them in encounters with others. I have reaped many benefits. A more personal, but even more important contribution, has been Dennis' supportiveness toward this project and toward growth and change in our relationship. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF T A B L E S .................................... X LIST OF FIGURES...................................... xiii ABSTRACT ............................................. xiv I. POWER MODES: A NEGLECTED AREA OF FAMILY STUDY . 1 OBJECTIVES AND REVIEW OF CHAPTERS............. 7 II. METHODOLOGY........................................ 10 SAMPLE SELECTION .............................. 10 Differences Among Sub-Samples............. 12 BASIC SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS ................. 14 PROCEDURES.................................... 24 Session Format ............................ 24 Special Features of the IMC T a s k ........ 26 IMC Items.............................. 27 Use of Audio T a p e s ................... 28 III. RE-THINKING FAMILIAR CONCEPTS..................... 29 PERSONAL RESOURCES ............................ 32 Other Definitions of Personal Resources. 32 Relationship to Power Variables........... 34 Previous Measures of Resources ........... 34 ATTRIBUTED POWER .............................. 38 Previous Measurement and Relationship to Other Power Variables................. 38 v POWER DISTRIBUTION NORM 41 Other Definitions...................... 41 Relationship to Other Power Variables. 42 OUTCOME VARIABLES........................... 43 IV. RESOURCES, THE POWER DISTRIBUTION, AND OUTCOMES. 46 CONSTRUCTION OF INDEXES: PERSONAL RESOURCES. 48 Method of Standardizing Measures ........ 49 The PZ Score ...................... 51 Relationship to Other Methods of Standardization................ 51 EXTRINSIC RESOURCES......................... 52 Internal Consistency of the Extrinsic Re­ sources Index...................... 55 Patterns for Husbands and Wives. 55 External Criterion Item Analysis ......... 58 INTRINSIC RESOURCES......................... 60 Intrinsic Resources Index.............. 62 Internal Consistency ................. 63 External Criterion Item Analysis .. 63 RELATIVE RESOURCES ............................ 65 Indexes of Relative Resources.......... 68 RESOURCES OF WIVES AND HUSBANDS............ 71 REPORTS FROM THE FRONT: ATTRIBUTED POWER AND POWER DISTRIBUTION NORMS ................. 76 Measuring the Power Distribution Variables Index Construction................ 79 Husband-Wife Consistency ............. 80 Prescriptions and Descriptions: Relation­ ships............................... 80 RESOURCES AND THE POWER DISTRIBUTION ......... 83 Attributed Power and Resources ........... 88 THE END RESULTS: OUTCOMES 90 Unilateral and Bilateral Outcomes............. 92 Marital Relations as a "Zero-Sum Game" . 93 Unilateral "Wins".......................... 98 Outcomes and the Distribution ofPower . 99 Outcomes and Personal Resources.............. 101 CONCLUSION........................................ 103 THE CONCEPT OF POWER M O D E S ........................... 107 DEFINING POWER MODES ........................... 107 Relationship to Other Variables.............. 108 DEVELOPING A MEASURE OF POWER MODES.............. 110 Identifying the Range of Behavior to be Considered............................... Ill Content-Free Approaches...................114 Content-Based Approaches ............... 114 HOFFMAN'S QUALIFIED AND UNQUALIFIED POWER ASSERTIONS ....................................116 THE MARITAL POWER ASSERTION