SP1-2013 Editors P K Shetty M R Hegde M Mahadevappa INNOVATIONS IN RICE PRODUCTION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES Bangalore, India INNOVATIONS IN RICE PRODUCTION Editors P K Shetty M R Hegde M Mahadevappa NATIO N AL IN STITUTE OF ADVA N CED STUDIES Indian Institute of Scicence Campus, Bangalore-560012 January 2013 © National Institute of Advanced Studies 2013 Published by National Institute of Advanced Studies Indian Institute of Science Campus Bangalore - 560 012 Tel: 2218 5000, Fax: 2218 5028 E-mail: [email protected] SP1-2013 ISBN: 978-81-87663-70-6 Typeset & Printed by Aditi Enterprises Bangalore - 560 023 Ph.: 080-2310 7302 E-mail: [email protected] Preface Agriculture is an integral part of India’s economy and society. It has about 130 million farming families; the majority of them are small and marginal farmers who practice subsistence agriculture. The green revolution which occurred in late 1960s was a turning point in Indian agriculture. There was remarkable growth in agriculture during the Green Revolution period and this sector has been successful in keeping pace with growing demand for food grains in the country. However during 1990-2010 the food grain production in the country grew at an average 1.4 per cent, whereas the population growth was at 1.6 per cent. Fortunately, we have achieved a food surplus during last two years. But in the long run, concern of food security is likely to become more intense with increasing population and decreasing land availability. By 2020, to meet the food demand of 1.3 billion populations, India needs to produce 281 MT of food grains with an annual growth target of 2 per cent. Rice is one of world’s most favoured staple foods and more than 90% of rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Rice being an important crop in India, there is a lot to focus on enhancing rice production and productivity. Rice is grown in 43.4 million hectares in kharif and rabi /summer season out of the total 141 million hectares of land under cultivation. The area under rice is likely to reduce in future years due to diversification policies adopted by the government. Currently, the rice production in the country is passing through serious constraints like plateauing of yield, water scarcity, increased use of agro inputs, irregular monsoon, increasing soil mineral stress, flash floods, water logging, labour scarcity, inadequate storage facilities, invasive pests & diseases, lack of policy innovations and inadequate institutional dynamics. India needs to focus on proper utilization of resources in diverse agro-climatic zones in the country by providing quality seeds, developing high yielding varieties/ hybrid rice, effective natural resource management, developing strategies on biotic and abiotic stress management, cost effective mechanization and promoting agricultural stewardship. Further, there is need to strengthen various initiatives by both State/ Central Government and cooperative involvement of all the stakeholders which will help in enhancing rice production and productivity in the country. Improving rice production and productivity is the common problem as it touches everybody in the country including scientists, policy makers, farmers and consumers etc. It is important to increase the India’s investment in R&D in agriculture in general and rice in particular as rice contributes significantly to the GDP and earns valuable foreign exchange. With reference to rice production in India and China, we need to appreciate the strategies followed by China on hybrid and super hybrid rice program. India needs to aggressively formulate a favourable policy and provide adequate funding for hybrid rice technology. India needs to enhance the rice production to support growing population and also to keep sufficient in buffer stock in quality warehouses. There is need to build more warehouses in the country for storage of rice to meet any unforeseen situations, as we cannot afford to buy the rice from other countries due to high international price. Therefore, even from the food security point of view, India needs to grow more rice. But at the same time, we should also make judicious use of water by diversifying with crops like vegetables, fruits, millets, pulses etc, as the demands for them are increasing with increase in income. The places or regions where rice are grown need special attention and our efforts need to be directed towards increasing the productivity. The rice technologies need to be constantly updated and bring new innovations in rice production. Further we need to aim at saving the water and developing input efficient cultivars. We need to make the policies for MSP with proper timeline. Thus, MSP if fixed before the cropping season will facilitate the farmers to take suitable decisions on the crop and realise better returns. This book contains lead papers from distinguished scientists and policy makers in the country. Some of the chapters in this book reviews the past, present and future of rice production and productivity in India with reference to the research, policy and institutional dynamics. The authors of this book are distinguished agriculture scientists, policy makers, economists, breeders, irrigation experts, extension specialists and other stakeholders from different parts of the country. We thank all the contributors of this volume. Our special thanks to Dr.V.S. Ramamurthy, Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) and Dr. Parveen Arora, Scientist G / Adviser, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for their support and encouragement. We are very grateful to Dr. M. Murugan, Dr. Manorama, Mrs. Mariyammal and Mr. Thomas K. Varghese for their support. Our special thanks to Ms. G.F. Aiyasha, Research Assistant, NIAS for her support at many stages of its preparation. P K Shetty M R Hegde M Mahadevappa Contents Key Research Inputs and Technologies in Rice Production in Pre and Post Green Revolution Era B.C. Viraktamath ........................................................................................... 1 Strategies for Enhancing Production and Productivity of Rice in India K. Srinivasa Rao .......................................................................................... 19 Growth in Production, Productivity, Costs and Profitability of Rice in India During 1980-2010 Parshuram Samal ........................................................................................ 35 Hybrid Rice Programmes and its Experience in India Aldas Janaiah and Fangming Xie ............................................................. 53 Hybrid Rice and Water Saving Technologies – A Possible Solution for Inter State Water Dispute M. Mahadevappa ........................................................................................ 65 Constraints of Rainfed Rice Production in India: An Overview Krishna M. Singh, A.K. Jha, M.S. Meena, and R.K.P. Singh ................. 71 Present Situation and Prospects of Rice Production in India with Special Reference to Karnataka K. Narayana Gowda and M.P. Rajanna ................................................... 85 Emerging Insect Pests and Diseases of Rice under various Rice Ecosystems K.S. Behera, M. Jena, U. Dhua and A. Prakash ....................................... 93 Important Socio-economic and Ecological Factors Affecting Rice Production in India K.V. Rao, B. Shailaja, B. Nirmala and B.C. Viraktamath ..................... 117 Rice Factor Productivity in India : Economic Implications M.G. Chandrakanth, L. Ranganath and T.N. Prakash ........................ 127 Agricultural R&D Investment by India and China: A Comparative Analysis with Specific Emphasis on Rice Production K.R. Karunakaran ...................................................................................... 141 Biotechnological Options for Rice Improvement R.M. Sundaram, S.M. Balachandran, M.S. Madhav and B.C. Viraktamath ....................................................................................... 167 Knowledge Management Portal for Enhancing Rice Production and Productivity Shaik N. Meera, G.A.K. Kumar, M.P. Rajanna, R.L. Kunkerkar, P.S. Pandey and B.C. Viraktamath ........................................................ 203 Achievements, Challenges, Technology Dissemination of Rice in India R.S. Kulkarni, K.P. Raghuprasad and Mallika Meti ............................ 215 Nature and Dimensions of Farmers’ Indebtedness in India Meenakshi Rajeev, B.P. Vani and Manojit Bhattacharjee .................... 221 Recent Developments in Water Management and Conservation in Rice P.V. Veerraju, K.P. Aruna and Putra ...................................................... 235 Contributors .............................................................................................. 239 Summary .................................................................................................... 243 1 Key Research Inputs and Technologies in Rice Production in Pre and Post Green Revolution Era B.C. Viraktamath The current Indian population of 1.22 billion is expected to reach 1.3 billion by 2020 and 1.53 billion by 2030 AD. Since rice is the staple food for most of us, food security primarily depends on this wonderful crop. Globally rice is cultivated now in 160 million hectares with annual production of around 650 million tonnes of rough rice and average productivity of 4.18 tons/ha of rough rice (FAO stat 2007-08). More than 90% of the rice is produced and consumed in Asian countries. The other continents in which rice is grown are Africa