National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals, Australia Section 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1 INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------225 1.1 Chemical Identity -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------225 1.2 Physico-Chemical Properties ----------------------------------------------------------------------------225 1.3 Summary of Physico-Chemical data--------------------------------------------------------------------225 2. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ----------------------------------------------------------------------225 2.1 Volume -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------225 2.2 Application and Use Pattern. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------225 2.3 Formulation, handling and disposal--------------------------------------------------------------------227 2.4 Overseas Regulatory Actions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------227 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------227 3.1 Hydrolysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.1.1 Hydrolysis as a function of pH -------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.1.2 Rate of Hydrolysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.1.3 Hydrolysis in Seawater ----------------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.1.4 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.2 PHOTODEGRADATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.2.1 Aqueous Photolysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------228 3.2.2 Photodecomposition in aqueous and methanolic solutions.----------------------------------229 3.2.3 Photolysis Rate on Soil----------------------------------------------------------------------------229 3.2.4 Photochemical Degradability of Monocrotophos in Gaseous Phase ------------------------229 3.2.5 Other studies----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------229 3.2.6 Summary and conclusion of photodegradation ------------------------------------------------229 4 METABOLISM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------230 4.1 Aerobic Soil Metabolism---------------------------------------------------------------------------------230 4.2 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism ----------------------------------------------------------------------------232 4.3 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism -------------------------------------------------------------------------232 4.4 Conclusions-Soil and Aquatic Metabolism------------------------------------------------------------233 5. MOBILITY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------233 5.1 Soil Adsorption/Desorption------------------------------------------------------------------------------233 5.2 Leaching Study of Monocrotophos by Soil Column ----------------------------------------------233 5.3 Literature Reports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------234 5.4 Conclusions from Mobility Studies -----------------------------------------------------------------234 6 SPRAY DRIFT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------234 6.1 Literature Reports -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------234 6.1.2 Off target Deposition of Pesticides from Aerial Applications -------------------------------234 6.1.3 Spray drift from Ground and Aerial Application.---------------------------------------------235 6.2 Conclusion from Spray Drift Studies-------------------------------------------------------------------236 7 FIELD STUDIES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------236 7.1 Determination of Azodrin Insecticide Residues in Soil from Louisiana --------------------------236 7.2 The Loss of Surface Residues of Azodrin from Soil -------------------------------------------------237 7.3 Soil Fauna Trials - Analysis of Soil --------------------------------------------------------------------237 7.4 Application of Azodrin on Corn - A Florida Study --------------------------------------------------237 7.5 Residues in Soil from Six Aerial Application of Azodrin - A California Study -----------------238 7.6 Literature Reports -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------238 7.6.1 The fate of monocrotphos is a model rice fish farm-------------------------------------------238 7.6.2 Dissipation of Monocrotophos in Chickpeas---------------------------------------------------238 7.7 Conclusion from Field Studies.----------------------------------------------------------------------238 8 BIOACCUMULATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------238 8.1 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------239 9 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND DEGRADATION --------------------------239 9.1 Hydrolysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------239 9.2 Photolysis---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------239 9.3 Metabolism-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------239 9.4 Mobility-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------240 9.5 Spray Drift -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------240 9.6 Field Dissipation Studies---------------------------------------------------------------------------------240 9.7 Bioaccumulation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------240 9.8 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------240 10 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------241 1 The NRA Review of Monocrotophos – Environmental Assessment 10.1 Avian Toxicity -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------241 10.1.2 OPP Database---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------241 10.1.2 Standard Literature Studies-----------------------------------------------------------------------242 10.1.3 Other Literature Studies---------------------------------------------------------------------------243 10.1.4 Field Reports----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------243 10.1.5 Literature Reports----------------------------------------------------------------------------------248 10.1.6 Conclusion-Avian Toxicity -----------------------------------------------------------------------248 10.2 Aquatic Toxicity ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------249 10.2.1 Fish---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------250 10.2.2 Daphnia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------250 10.2.3 Alga--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------250 10.2.4 Literature Reports----------------------------------------------------------------------------------250 10.2.5 US EPA Databases. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------252 10.2.6 Summary of Aquatic Toxicity--------------------------------------------------------------------253 10.3 Non-target Invertebrates------------------------------------------------------------------------------253 10.3.1 Bees --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------253 10.3.2 Other Invertebrates --------------------------------------------------------------------------------254 10.3.3 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------257 10.4 Mammals -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------257 10.4.1 Effect of monocrotophos on Australian Marsupial and Native Rodents.-------------------257 10.5 Phytotoxicity -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------257 10.6 Summary of Ecotoxicity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------257 10.6.1 Avian ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------257 10.6.2 Aquatic ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------258 10.6.3 Non-Target Invertebrates -------------------------------------------------------------------------259 10.6.4 Mammals--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------259 10.6.5 Phytotoxicity----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------259 11 PREDICTED