POLLUTION PREVENTION TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND TECHNOLOGIES COURSE NURlBER B30ZYOOOOE-005 STUDENT GUIDE I FOREWORD To meet the scientific and technical challenges of the Air Force's Pollution Prevention Program, the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM) was directed to develop a technology- based course to_further educate Air Force personnel whose daily duties involve pollution prevention. In response, USAFSAM developed the Pollution Prevention Tools, Techniques, and Technologies Course. The USAFSAM Pollution Prevention Tools, Techniques, and Technologies Course was designed for personnel whose occupational fields include environmental management, planning, and engineering. The course material was tailored to the technical aspects of pollution prevention and it is primarily designed to enable the students to determine the need for additional information and training. By the end of the course, students will be conversant on each topic, not as experts, but as knowledgeable people. We hope that the students attending this Course will place a high value on the relationship of course materials to job function, and will recognize that this Cotirse is of long-term value if they intend to remain in the environmental profession. This Student Guide has, therefore, been published to help the students retain information from the USAFSAM Pollution Prevention Tools, Techniques, and Technologies'Course. The students can use this student guide as a desktop reference book. Each section of the Student Guide is divided into the following subsections: 0 Introduction 1 a Objectives Students are encouraged to become familiar with the use and application of available training materials, related information resources, and technical assistance programs. Continuing education of Air Force personnel, whose day-to-day duties include various pollution prevention aspects, is necessary to ensure a workforce that is fully responsive and sensitive to Air Force pollution prevention mandates and goals. The Pollution Prevention Tools, Techniques, and Technologies Course will be the foundation for that continuing education. I 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I L Subject Block Page Introduction to Pollution Prevention 1 5 Regulatory Compliance 2 27 DoD And Air Force Policy 3 43 Opportunity Assessments 4 53 Recycling and Atfinnative Procurement 5 63 Source Reduction 6 83 Pollution Prevention and Energy Conservation 7 89 Today's Hot Issues - 90's Problem Chemicals . 8 97 Strategic Waste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) 9 113 Case Studies: Review of Paint Removal Technologies 10 117 ~~~ ~~~ Economic Evaluation 11 129 ~~ ~ AFCEE Hazardous Material Pharmacy Concept 12 147 ~~~ Management of Municipal Solid Wastes 13 149 Basics of Solvents 14 161 Case Studies: Cleaning and Degreasing 15 173 Basics of Surface Coatings 16 187 Pollution Prevention Models, Databases, and Guidelines 17 201 Case Studies: Painting and Coating 18 207 Vehicle Maintenance 19 211 Participation in the Pollution Prevention Funding Process 20 213 Affecting Changes in Technical Orders and MIL SPECS 21 219 Case Studies: Machining, Metal Working, and Metal Plating 22 223 Case Studies: Acquisition Pollution Prevention 23 233 I 3 4 BLOCK 1: INTRODUCTION TO POLLUTION PREVENTION - FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 1.O Introduction Block 1 outlines fundamental conce ts and essential acron abbreviations, terms, and definitions used in the Pollution Prevention .Fools, Techniques, and""' Technologies Course. The science and technology of pollution prevention has many terms. Students may be familiar with many of the scientific and regdato terms used in pollution prevention, however, many of the technologies introduced during the zourse may be new or only generally understood by the student. Block 1also includes a review of environmental words, phrases, and acronyms common to pollution prevention in a computer-based instruction (CBI) format. 2.0 Objective To introduce the fundamental concepts of Pollution Prevention by: reviewing the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, the Environmental Management Hierarchy Options, the Air Force Pollution Prevention Program, and the Benefits of a Pollution Prevention program. 1. Students will understand the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 including: 0 Findings 0 National Policy 0 . Definition of Source Reduction 2. Students will understand the priority of the Environmental Management Hierarchy Options: 0 Source reduction 0 Recycling 0 Treatment 0 Disposal or release 3. Students will understand the Air Force Pollution Prevention Program including: 0 Program goals 0 Program implementation practices 0 Program elements and approaches 0 Factors to consider when selecting options 0 Priority of pollution prevention projects 4. Students will understand the benefits of a Pollution Prevention Program. 3.0 Key Concepts I. POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT OF 1990 The Findings of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 are: 0 The U.S. annually produces millions of tons of pollution and spends tens of billions of dollars per year controlling this pollution. 0 There are significant opportunities to reduce or prevent pollution at the source. 0 Existing regulations focus upon treatment and disposal rather than source reduction and do not emphasize multi-media management of pollution (Air-groundwater). 0 Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste management and pollution control. 0 The EPA must establish a source reduction program which collects and disseminates information. 5 Under section 6602 (b) of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, Congress established a national policy that: 0 Pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible. 0 Pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner, whenever feasible. 0 Pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible. Disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally save manner. Pollution Prevention means Source Reduction and other practices that reduce or eliminate the creation of pollution through: 0 increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, or other resources. 0 protection of natural resources by conservation. Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste management and pollutipn control. Pollution prevention requires a cultural change - one which encourages more anticipation and internalizing of real environmental costs of pollution generation. Definition of Source Reduction: 0 Any practice which reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and 0 reduces the hazards to the public health and the environment associated with release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. Source Reduction includes: equipment or technology . modifications, rocess, or procedure modification, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution o raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control.P Source Reduction does not include: any ractice which alters the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics or the volume oP substances through a process or activity which itself is not integral to and necessary for the production of a product or the providing of a service. can be applied to all pollution-generating activities, including those federal, consumer, as well as industrial sectors. The impairment of and other critical resources constitutes pollution, and prevention ractices may include conservation techniques and changes in management practices to prevent to sensitive ecosystems. Pollution prevention does not include practices that create new risk or concems. 11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY OPTIONS The environmental management hierarchy options in order of priority are: 0 pollution prevention (source reduction) 0 recycling 0 treatment 0 disposal or release. The hierarchy should be viewed as establishing a set of preferences rather than an 6 absolute jud ent that pollution prevention is always the most desirable o tion. The selection of the best option 8"or each case will depend on the requirements and applicag le laws, the level of risk l reduction that can be achieved, and the cost effectiveness of that option. L Environmental Management Hierarchy Options techniques: Pollution Prevention (Source Reduction). Source reduction techniques avoid the eneration of hazardous wastes, thereby eliminatin the problems associated with handling tBese wastes. Techniques for source reduction inclu3 e: Good operating practices (Efficiency improvements): - Material handling and inventory improvements - reduce loss due to damage from mishandling or improper storage. - Loss prevention - "ize waste due to leaks, spills, and accidents. Reduce the frequent of tank/pipe cleanouts. - daste stream segregation - prevent hazardous waste from contacting and contaminating nonhazardous waste. - Cost accounting practices - include the cost of handling and dxsposal of hazardous material in the total cost. Technology Changes - .Changes in the production process - using a lower waste generating alternative. - Equipment, layout, or piping changes - modrfy/install equipment to provide material recovery/reuse. - Use of automation - Changes in process operating conditions - mowtemperature or pressure. Input