Answers Research Journal 13 (2020): 189–219. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v13/inerrancy_biblical_authority.pdf Inerrancy and Biblical Authority: How and Why Old-Earth Inerrantists Are Unintentionally Undermining Inerrancy Terry Mortenson, Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, Kentucky 41048. Abstract The International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (ICBI) met from 1978–1988 and drafted two very helpful documents explaining the doctrine of inerrancy and defining the principles of sound interpretation (hermeneutics). The documents affirmed that the Bible is inerrant in matters of history and science and that scientific theories should not be used to overturn Scripture’s teaching about Creation and the Flood. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the 300+ signatories of those two documents favored some old-earth interpretation of Genesis 1. How could this be? This paper will carefully examine the relevant affirmations and denials in those documents to expose the ambiguous wording that opened the door for these old- earth views. I will then document a number of examples to show how leading inerrantists unknowingly and unintentionally have violated the principles that they endorsed in those two documents. They have thereby undermined the inerrancy and authority of the Bible that they sincerely love and defend. Keywords: inerrancy, hermeneutics, young-earth, old-earth, naturalistic, uniformitarian, assumptions, interpretations In 1978, about 300 Christian leaders and scholars We gladly acknowledge that many who deny the gathered in Chicago for what became known as inerrancy of Scripture do not display the consequences the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy of this denial in the rest of their belief and behavior, (hereafter ICBI). It was at that point the largest and we are conscious that we who confess this interdenominational gathering of evangelical doctrine often deny it in life by failing to bring our scholars in the history of the church. They met to thoughts and deeds, our traditions and habits, into defend the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture true subjection to the divine Word. in the face of the growing liberalism in the church. That is so true on both accounts. We are all After their initial meeting, they continued to meet inconsistent people. We all profess to believe things several other times over the next ten years. As a and yet at times act, speak, or think in ways that are result of their meetings in 1978, they published the contrary to our professed beliefs. I am very aware “Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy” (hereafter of this in my own life as I press on to grow in my CSBInerrancy). This carefully worded document relationship with Jesus Christ. I will return to this is worthy of our thoughtful consideration for it is helpful ICBI confession at end of this essay. The CSBInerrancy also contains many statements solidly biblical, but it also contains some tiny defects that are related to the question of origins and the of significant importance that need to be addressed. correct meaning of Genesis. We need to look at Those tiny defects are like cracks in a dam which have those carefully. As I will explain and document allowed numerous false ideas to flood the church. in what follows, the many old-earth signers of I begin with a few statements from the preface of the CSBInerrancy were and are confused about that document. The 1978 preface to the CSBInerrancy (1) the nature of science, (2) the interpretation of states the following: the “scientific data,” and (3) the nature of “general The authority of Scripture is a key issue for the revelation.” As a result, they have unintentionally Christian Church in this and every age. Those who violated their own principles of interpretation and profess faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior are unintentionally undermined the inerrancy and the called to show the reality of their discipleship by authority of Scripture. humbly and faithfully obeying God’s written Word. To stray from Scripture in faith or conduct is disloyalty The ICBI’s Strong Statements on to our Master. Recognition of the total truth and Inerrancy and Hermeneutics trustworthiness of Holy Scripture is essential to a full In Article 12 of the CSBInerrancy we read, “We grasp and adequate confession of its authority. affirm that Scripture in its entirety is inerrant, being Amen! That is an excellent statement and is free from falsehood, fraud, or deceit.” To make sure faithful to both Scripture and historic, orthodox that we clearly understand that affirmation, they Christianity. In the preface they also say, provide a denial statement: ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2020 Answers in Genesis, Inc. All content is owned by Answers in Genesis (“AiG”) unless otherwise indicated. AiG consents to unlimited copying and distribution of print copies of Answers Research Journal articles for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For website and other electronic distribution and publication, AiG consents to republication of article abstracts with direct links to the full papers on the ARJ website. All rights reserved. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 190 Terry Mortenson We deny that Biblical infallibility and inerrancy are ICBI_1_typed.pdf) the document on inerrancy (and limited to spiritual, religious, or redemptive themes, many of them who also signed the document on exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and hermeneutics) and a great many inerrantist scholars science. We further deny that scientific hypotheses and leaders both before them and still today have about earth history may properly be used to overturn done or are doing exactly what this statement says the teaching of Scripture on creation and the flood. we should not do, as I will document below. They As a biblical, young-earth creationist, I couldn’t are using evolutionary scientific hypotheses about agree more with those carefully worded statements. earth history, cosmic history, and human origins But we should not jump to conclusions about what to overthrow what Scripture plainly teaches about the signers of that document believed about evolution Creation, the age of the earth, the Flood and in a and the age of the creation. growing number of cases, what it teaches about In 1982 the ICBI produced another document called Adam and Eve. the “Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics” On November 10–13, 1982, ICBI participants (hereafter CSBHermeneutics) to give the church the met for Summit II in Chicago to discuss and define ICBI’s principles for how to correctly interpret the principles of hermeneutics. At that meeting a number inerrant Word of God. In Article 15 we read, of papers were presented and later published in a We affirm the necessity of interpreting the Bible single volume. One essay in that volume dealt with according to its literal, or normal, sense. The literal the relationship between Scripture and natural sense is the grammatical-historical sense, that is, the science (Bradley and Olsen 1984). It was written by meaning which the writer expressed. Interpretation Walter Bradley, then professor of materials science according to the literal sense will take account of all at Texas A&M University, and Roger Olsen, an figures of speech and literary forms found in the text. expert in geochemistry and in the management of And then to clarify they add, “We deny the a consulting engineering company at the time. In legitimacy of any approach to Scripture that accepting the millions of years advocated by the attributes to it meaning which the literal sense does scientific majority, they argued for the day-age view not support.” of Genesis 1; namely, the days of Creation were not In Article 17, they further say, “We affirm the literal, 24-hour days but figuratively represented unity, harmony and consistency of Scripture and hundreds of millions or billions of years each. declare that it is its own best interpreter.” To avoid In response to that essay, Gleason Archer, then misunderstanding they add, “We deny that Scripture Old Testament professor at Trinity Evangelical may be interpreted in such a way as to suggest Divinity School, wrote an affirming old-earth that one passage corrects or militates against response. He too was a day-age proponent. Henry another. We deny that later writers of Scripture Morris from the Institute for Creation Research misinterpreted earlier passages of Scripture when countered with an excellent response from the quoting from or referring to them.” young-earth perspective. And in Article 20 we learn, But Bradley, with whom I’ve had personal We affirm that since God is the author of all truth, conversation on a number of occasions, told me once all truths, Biblical and extrabiblical, are consistent that as far as he knew probably 90% of the signers of and cohere, and that the Bible speaks truth when it the CSBInerrancy held to some old-earth view (e.g., touches on matters pertaining to nature, history, or gap theory, day-age view, framework hypothesis, anything else. etc.). And given my knowledge of the history of this But to prevent any misunderstanding they add, controversy over the past 200 years, I do not doubt “We deny that extrabiblical views ever disprove the Dr. Bradley’s assessment. Norman Geisler, a very teaching of Scripture or hold priority over it.” Then in prominent leader in the ICBI and an old-earth Article 22, we read, proponent until his death in July 2019, confirms this We affirm that Genesis 1–11 is factual, as is the rest when he said, of the book.