CONTENTS Contents by Subject Area / xi Atlantic Region / 63 Britain and Ireland / 116 Andreas Klügel Rosemary G. Gillespie; Mark Williamson Contributors / xv Atolls / 67 Guide to the Encyclopedia / xxix Edward L. Winterer Preface / xxxi Azores / 70 Canary Islands, Biology / 127 Paulo A. V. Borges; Isabel R. Amorim; Javier Francisco-Ortega; Arnoldo Santos- Rosalina Gabriel; Regina Cunha; António Guerra; Juan José Bacallado Frias Martins; Luís Silva; Ana Costa; Adaptive Radiation / 1 Canary Islands, Geology / 133 Virgílio Vieira Rosemary G. Gillespie Kaj Hoernle; Juan-Carlos Carracedo Anagenesis / 8 Cape Verde Islands / 143 Tod F. Stuessy Maria Cristina Duarte; Maria Manuel Baffi n / 76 Romeiras Antarctic Islands, Biology / 10 Lynda Dredge Steven L. Chown; Jennifer E. Lee Caroline Islands / 148 Baja California: Offshore James R. Hein Antarctic Islands, Geology / 17 Islands / 78 John L. Smellie Caves, as Islands / 150 Martin L. Cody David C. Culver; Tanja Pipan Antilles, Biology / 20 Barrier Islands / 82 Charles A. Woods; Florence E. Sergile Channel Islands (British Isles) / 154 Miles O. Hayes Edward P. F. Rose Antilles, Geology / 29 Barro Colorado / 88 Richard E. A. Robertson Channel Islands (California), Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr. Biology / 155 Ants / 35 Beaches / 91 Aaron Moody Brian L. Fisher Bruce Richmond Channel Islands (California), Archaeology / 41 Bermuda / 95 Geology / 161 Marshall I. Weisler Anne F. Glasspool; Wolfgang Sterrer Janet Hammond Gordon Arctic Islands, Biology / 47 Biological Control / 99 Cichlid Fish / 165 Inger Greve Alsos; Lynn Gillespie; Mark Gillespie; Steve Wratten Ole Seehausen Yuri M. Marusik Bird Disease / 103 Climate Change / 169 Arctic Islands, Geology / 55 David Cameron Duffy David A. Burney Michael J. Hambrey Bird Radiations / 105 Climate on Islands / 171 Arctic Region / 59 Jeffrey Podos; David C. Lahti Thomas A. Schroeder Stephen D. Gurney Borneo / 111 Cold Seeps / 174 Ascension / 61 Swee-Peck Quek Charles K. Paull David M. Wilkinson v Comoros / 177 Eruptions: Laki and Tambora / 263 Galápagos Islands, Geology / 367 D. James Harris; Sara Rocha T. Thordarson Dennis Geist; Karen Harpp Continental Islands / 180 Ethnobotany / 271 Gigantism / 372 David M. Watson W. Arthur Whistler Pasquale Raia Convergence / 188 Exploration and Discovery / 276 Global Warming / 376 Tadashi Fukami Scott M. Fitzpatrick David R. Lindberg Cook Islands / 191 Extinction / 281 Granitic Islands / 380 Tegan Hoffmann Kevin J. Gaston Millard F. Coffi n Coral / 197 Great Barrier Reef Islands, Daphne G. Fautin; Robert W. Buddemeier Biology / 382 Farallon Islands / 287 Harold Heatwole Cozumel / 203 Phil Capitolo Alfredo D. Cuarón Great Barrier Reef Islands, Faroe Islands / 291 Geology / 386 Crickets / 206 Gina E. Hannon; Simun V. Arge; Anna- Scott G. Smithers Daniel Otte; Greg Cowper Maria Fosaa; Ditlev L. Mahler; Bergur Greek Islands, Biology / 388 Cyprus / 212 Olsen; Richard H. W. Bradshaw Kostas A. Triantis; M. Mylonas Ioannis Panayides Fernando de Noronha / 297 Greek Islands, Geology / 392 R. V. Fodor Michael D. Higgins Fiji, Biology / 298 Darwin and Geologic History / 217 Paddy Ryan James H. Natland Fiji, Geology / 305 Deforestation / 221 Hawaiian Islands, Biology / 397 Howard Colley Barry V. Rolett Jonathan Price Fish Stocks/Overfi shing / 310 Dispersal / 224 Hawaiian Islands, Geology / 404 Jon Brodziak Isabelle Olivieri David R. Sherrod Flightlessness / 311 Dodo / 228 Honeycreepers, Hawaiian / 410 Curtis Ewing J. P. Hume Robert C. Fleischer Fossil Birds / 318 Drosophila / 232 Human Impacts, Trevor H. Worthy Patrick M. O’Grady; Karl N. Magnacca; Pre-European / 414 Richard T. LaPoint Founder Effects / 326 Patrick V. Kirch Michael C. Whitlock Dwarfi sm / 235 Hurricanes and Typhoons / 418 Shai Meiri; Pasquale Raia Fragmentation / 328 Thomas A. Schroeder Luis Cayuela Hydrology / 420 Fraser Island / 330 Christian Depraetere; Marc Morell Earthquakes / 240 Brad Balukjian Hydrothermal Vents / 424 Paul Okubo; David A. Clague French Polynesia, Biology / 332 Robert C. Vrijenhoek Easter Island / 244 Jean-Yves Meyer; Bernard Salvat Grant McCall French Polynesia, Geology / 338 Ecological Release / 251 Alain Bonneville Iceland / 428 Rosemary G. Gillespie Sigurdur Steinthorsson Freshwater Habitats / 343 Endemism / 253 Alan P. Covich Inbreeding / 436 Quentin C. Cronk; Diana M. Percy Leonard Nunney Frogs / 347 Ephemeral Islands, Biology / 258 Rafe M. Brown Indian Region / 437 Sofi e Vandendriessche; Magda Vincx; Frederick A. Frey Steven Degraer Indonesia, Biology / 446 Ephemeral Islands, Geology / 259 Galápagos Finches / 352 Tigga Kingston Kazuhiko Kano Heather Farrington; Kenneth Petren Indonesia, Geology / 454 Erosion, Coastal / 261 Galápagos Islands, Biology / 357 Robert Hall Wayne Stephenson Terrence M. Gosliner vi CONTENTS Insect Radiations / 460 Landslides / 535 Marshall Islands / 610 Diana M. Percy Simon J. Day Nancy Vander Velde Inselbergs / 466 Land Snails / 537 Mascarene Islands, Biology / 612 Stefan Porembski Brenden S. Holland Christophe Thébaud; Ben H. Warren; Dominique Strasberg; Anthony Cheke Introduced Species / 469 Lava and Ash / 542 Daniel Simberloff Katharine V. Cashman Mascarene Islands, Geology / 620 Robert A. Duncan Invasion Biology / 475 Lava Tubes / 544 George Roderick; Philippe Vernon Jim Kauahikaua; Frank Howarth; Ken Hon Mediterranean Region / 622 John Wainwright Island Arcs / 481 Lemurs and Tarsiers / 549 Richard J. Arculus Robert D. Martin Metapopulations / 629 Dag Øystein Hjermann Island Biogeography, Line Islands / 553 Theory of / 486 Christopher Charles; Stuart Sandin Midway / 631 José María Fernández-Palacios Elizabeth Flint Lizard Radiations / 558 Island Formation / 490 Miguel Vences Missionaries, Effects of / 633 Patrick D. Nunn Alan I. Kaplan; Vincent H. Resh Lophelia Oases / 564 Island Rule / 492 Sandra Brooke Moa / 638 Shai Meiri Allan J. Baker Lord Howe Island / 568 Carole S. Hickman Motu / 641 Francis J. Murphy Japan’s Islands, Biology / 497 Lázaro M. Echenique-Diaz; Masakado Macquarie, Biology / 573 Kawata; Jun Yokoyama Jenny Scott New Caledonia, Biology / 643 Japan’s Islands, Geology / 500 Jérôme Murienne Macquarie, Geology / 575 S. Maruyama; S. Yanai; Y. Isozaki; D. Hirata Arjan Dijkstra New Caledonia, Geology / 645 Juan Fernandez Islands / 507 Timothy J. Rawling Madagascar / 577 Simon Haberle Steven M. Goodman Newfoundland / 649 Harold Williams Madeira Archipelago / 582 Dora Aguin-Pombo; Miguel A. A. Pinheiro New Guinea, Biology / 652 Kick ’em Jenny / 510 de Carvalho Allen Allison Jan Lindsay Makatea Islands / 585 New Guinea, Geology / 659 – Kıpuka / 512 Lucien F. Montaggioni Hugh L. Davies Amy G. Vandergast Maldives / 586 New Zealand, Biology / 665 Komodo Dragons / 513 Paul Kench Steven A. Trewick; Mary Morgan-Richards Tim Jessop Mammal Radiations / 588 New Zealand, Geology / 673 Kon-Tiki / 515 Lawrence R. Heaney; Steven M. Goodman Hamish Campbell; Charles A. Landis Robert C. Suggs Mangrove Islands / 591 Nuclear Bomb Testing / 680 Krakatau / 517 Peter Saenger Edward L. Winterer Robert J. Whittaker Marianas, Biology / 593 Kurile Islands / 520 Gordon H. Rodda Alexander Belousov; Marina Belousova; Oases / 686 Thomas P. Miller Marianas, Geology / 598 Frank A. Trusdell Slaheddine Selmi; Thierry Boulinier Marine Lakes / 603 Oceanic Islands / 689 Michael N Dawson; Laura E. Martin; Patrick D. Nunn Lakes, as Islands / 526 Lori J. Bell; Sharon Patris Shelley Arnott Orchids / 696 Marine Protected Areas / 607 David L. Roberts; Richard M. Bateman Land Crabs on Christmas Alan M. Friedlander Island / 532 Organic Falls on the Ocean Peter Green Floor / 700 Craig R. Smith CONTENTS vii Refugia / 785 Species–Area Relationship / 857 Pacifi c Region / 702 Angus Davison David A. Spiller; Thomas W. Schoener Anthony A. P. Koppers Relaxation / 787 Spiders / 861 Palau / 715 Kenneth J. Feeley Miquel A. Arnedo Alan R. Olsen Research Stations / 788 Spitsbergen / 865 Pantepui / 717 Neil Davies Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk Valentí Rull Rodents / 792 Sri Lanka / 866 Peopling the Pacifi c / 720 David Towns Colin Groves; Kelum Manamendra- Arachchi Patrick V. Kirch Rottnest Island / 796 Philippines, Biology / 723 Anne Brearley St. Helena / 870 Rafe M. Brown; Arvin C. Diesmos Philip Ashmole; Myrtle Ashmole Philippines, Geology / 732 Sticklebacks / 873 Graciano Yumul, Jr.; Carla Dimalanta; Samoa, Biology / 799 Michael A. Bell Karlo Queaño; Edanjarlo Marquez A. C. Medeiros Succession / 877 Phosphate Islands / 738 Samoa, Geology / 802 Beatrijs Bossuyt James R. Hein James H. Natland Surf in the Tropics / 879 Pigs and Goats / 741 São Tomé, Príncipe, and Graham Symonds; Thomas C. Lippmann Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith Annobon / 808 Surtsey / 883 D. James Harris Pitcairn / 744 Sturla Fridriksson Naomi Kingston; Noeleen Smyth Seabirds / 811 Sustainability / 888 Mark J. Rauzon; Sheila Conant Plant Disease / 747 R. R. Thaman Ulla Carlsson-Granér; Lars Ericson; Sea-Level Change / 815 Barbara E. Giles W. H. Berger Plate Tectonics / 752 Seamounts, Biology / 818 Taiwan, Biology / 897 Roger C. Searle Malcolm Clark Man-Miao Yang; Kuang-Ying Huang Pocket Basins and Deep-Sea Seamounts, Geology / 821 Taiwan, Geology / 902 Speciation / 755 Paul Wessel Yue-Gau Chen Bruce H. Robison; William M. Hamner Sexual Selection / 825 Tasmania / 904 Polynesian Voyaging / 758 Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro; Richard T. LaPoint Alastair M. M. Richardson Atholl Anderson Seychelles / 829 Tatoosh / 909 Popular Culture, Islands in / 761 Justin Gerlach Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr.; Robert T. Paine Vincent H. Resh; Jonathan P. Resh Shipwrecks / 833 Taxon Cycle / 912 Population Genetics, Island James