UNIVERSITE DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L’ADOUR Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Sociales et Humanites (ED 481) Les Afriques dans le Monde (LAM) La Loi, l’Etat la societe et la police locale au Kenya: etude de case dans le Comte de Kisii Law State Society and Local Policing in Kenya: A Case Study of Kisii County THESE présentée à Pau par Monsieur OTISO, Wycliffe Nyachoti Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR EN SCIENCES POLITIQUE Le 6 decembre 2017 Soutenue devant la jury compose de: Monsieur le Professeur Daniel BOURMAUD Professeur de Sciences Politique, Universite de Bordeaux Monsieur le Professeur Laurent FOURCHARD, Professeur de Sciences Politique, CERI Sciences-Po Paris Madame Susan MWANGI, Senior Lecturer, History and Political Science, Kenyatta University Monsieur le Professeur Herve MAUPEU, maître de conferences en Sciences Politique, Universite de Pau etde Pau et des Pays de L’Adour Monsieur le Professeur Christian THIBON, Professeur d’histoire contemporaine, Universite de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, co-directeur de la recherché Monsieur le Professeur Paul Musili WAMBUA, Professeur de Droit, University of Nairobi, co directeurde la recherché 1 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree in any other university. _______________________Signature Date______________________ OTISO Wycliffe Nyachoti Ecole doctorale des Sciences Sociales et Humanites We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. Professor Christian THIBON LAM-UPPA - Les Afriques dans le Monde Université de Pau ____________________________ Signature Date___________________ Professor Paul Musili WAMBUA University of Nairobi School of Law ______________________Signature Date_____________________________ 2 DEDICATION In loving memory of our loving dad Charles Otiso Getugi Otundo. To my loving mother Delilah Kerubo Otiso. To my dear wife Novah Kemunto, my children Owen and Nella. To my brothers and sisters.To my friends (too many to mention!) 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the French Government for offering me the scholarship which presented me the opportunity to pursue my doctoral studies and to develop as a researcher. I am also grateful to IFRA for funding substantive parts of the fieldwork and providing opportunity to test analyses developed in through provision of grants for conferences and seminars. My appreciation goes to UPPA and LAM for availing the library material and access to the ICT Centre which provided the necessary resources for developing the thesis. My appreciation goes to my supervisors Prof. Christian Thibon, Prof. Paul Musili Wambua and Prof. Herve Maupeu for their guidance and patience through-out the thesis process. I would also like to express my gratitude to my research assistants for facilitating access to the leadership of local policing groups which enable collection of important information for this study. I would also like to thank all my colleagues at LAM and to Idrissa Mane at ITEM. 4 GLOSSARY OF AFRICAN TERMS Abagaka b’egesaku Clan Elders (Ekegusii) Abagori Non-autochthon Settlers (Ekegusii) Abarogi Witches (Ekegusii) Abamenyi Lodgers (Ekegusii) Abayuti State-sponsored youth enforcement group (Ekegusii) Amasaga Socio-economic Cooperatives (Ekegusii) Amatombe Deserted homes (Ekegusii) Askari Guard (Swahili) Balunashi Chief whip (Nyamwezi) Baraza Local deliberative public forum (Swahili) Banamhala ba Ntemi Elders of the Chief (Nyamwezi) Boda Boda Motorcycle taxi (Swahili) Boma Government station (Swahili; Tanzanian context) Botende Kuria-land (Ekegusii) Chama Organization/Group (Swahili) Chinsoni Moral Code (Ekegusii) Ebisarate Youth encampments (Ekegusii) Enyomba House/Home (Ekegusii) Etureti Cohort of Disputes’ Tribunals(Ekegusii) Emuma Supernatural oath (Ekegusii) Harambee Fundraiser (Swahili) Ichisaiga Enforcement arm of Iritongo (Kuria) Inchaama Local Appellate Tribunal (Kuria) Iritongo Representative Assembly (Kuria) Kanzu Long Cotton shirt (Swahili) Katibu Secretary (Swahili) Ntemi Nyamwezi Elder and medicine man (Nyamwezi) Nyumba Kumi Ten households (Swahili) Ogonsonsorana Cleansing ceremony (Ekegusii) Omogaka bw’omochie Head of household (Ekegusii) 5 Omochie Homestead (Ekegusii) Omokorerani Cleansing Ritual specialist (Ekegusii) Omokundekane Marriage presiding officer (Ekegusii) Omotembe Ritualistic Tree (Ekegusii) Ogoita kwa mosiabano Manslaughter (Ekegusii) Riiga Lineage from grandfather (Ekegusii) Rungu Knobkerries (Swahili) Usalama Security (Swahili) 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS AG Attorney General APS Administration Police Service CBD Central Business District CID Criminal Investigation Department CIPEV Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi CPF Community Policing Forum CPG Community Policing Group DIG Deputy Inspector General of Police DO District Officer DC District Commissioner FORD-P Forum for Restoration of Democracy-People GJLOS Governance Justice Law and Order Sector GSU General Service Unit ICT Information Communication Technology IEA Institute of Economic Affairs IAU Independent Accountability Unit IMLU Independent Medico-Legal Unit IG Inspector General of Police IPOA Independent Policing Oversight Authority KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KAR Kenya African Rifles KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics MoPAIS Ministry of Provincial Administration and Internal Security MCA Member of County Assembly MLA Mutual Legal Assistance MP Member of Parliament NPS National Police Service 7 NPSC National Police Service Commission ODM Orange Democratic Movement OCG Organized Criminal Group OCP Official Community Policing POCA Prevention of Organized Crime Act PC Provincial Commissioner PNU Party of National Unity UN United Nations UNCTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 8 LIST OF STATUTES Constitution of Kenya 1963 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 Chiefs Act County Government Act Districts and Province Act Elections Act, No. 24 of 2011 Kenya Independence Order in Council 1963 Local Government Act Independent Policing Oversight Authority Act National Government Coordination Act No. 1 of 2013 National Police Service Commission Act National Police Service Act Outlying District Ordinance Act The Penal Code Police Act 1988 Preservation of Public Security Act Prevention of Organised Crime Act No. 6 of 2010 Special Districts Administration Act Voluntarily Unemployed Persons (Provision of Employment) Ordinance Vagrancy Act Vagrancy (Amendment) Act 1949 9 TABLE OF CASES Aboud Rogo Mohamed & Another v Republic [2011] eKLR (Nairobi High Court Criminal Case No. 793 of 2010) Aboud Rogo Mohamed & Another –v- Republic (2012) eKLR Attorney General & another v Randu Nzai Ruwa & 2 others [2016] eKLR (Nairobi Court of Appeal Civil Appeal No. 275 of 2012) Muslims for Human Rights (Muhuri) & another v Inspector-General of Police & 4 others [2015] eKLR (Mombasa High Court Petition No. 19 of 2015) Randu Nzai Ruwa & 2 Others v Internal Security Minister & Another [2012] eKLR (Mombasa High Court Petition No. 468 of 2010) Republic v Charles Ntabo Monda (Kisii High Court Case No. 148 of 2012) Republic v Mohamed Sudi Said [2015] eKLR (Mombasa High Court Criminal Case No. 24 of 2014) Republic v Nuseiba Mohammed Haji Osman alias Umm Fidaa, alias Ummu Fidaa, alias Ummulxarb [2016] eKLR Republic v Vincent Michira Obebo (Kisii High Court Case No. 100 of 2010) 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................iv GLOSSARY OF AFRICAN TERMS .............................................................................................v LIST OF ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................vii LIST OF STATUTES...................................................................................................................viii TABLE OF CASES....................................................................................................................ix Abstract...................................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1Background to the Problem…………………………………………….…………………………………………….18 1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………………............25 1.3 Theoretical Framework...................................................................................................29 1.4 Objectives of the study..................................................................................................... 32 1.5 Research Questions…………………………............................................................................... 33 1.6 Hypothesis......................................................................................................................33 1.7 Site of Study.....................................................................................................................34 1.7.1 Kenya..............................................................................................................................34 1.7.2 Kisii ..............................................................................................................................37