The Romanization of Attic Ritual Space in the Age of Augustus Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Benavides, Makayla Lorraine Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 14:30:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/633170 THE ROMANIZATION OF ATTIC RITUAL SPACE IN THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS by Makayla Benavides ____________________________ Copyright © Makayla Benavides 2019 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND CLASSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 1 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master's Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Makayla Benavides titled The Romanizationof Attic Ritual Space in the Age ofAugustus and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe dissertation requirement for the Master's Degree. Date: .r- / - :.?CJ/ 5f David Soren Date: S - I - 2..o I � Mary E Voyatzis David Gilman Romano Date: ----- [Committee Member Name} Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe Master's requirement. Date: .r , 1- < o.,.- J- David Soren Master's Thesis Committee Chair Department of Religious Studies and Classics 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my thesis committee, Professors David Soren, Mary Voyatzis, and David Romano, who took the time to read this and gave me all the guidance and support I needed to finish it. I would also like to thank all my other graduate and undergraduate professors who supported me, taught me, and gave me all the tools I needed to write this thesis. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students and all my friends who put up with random ramblings about Athens and Augustus and kept me company on late nights and long weekends. I would also like to express gratitude to my family – my grandmother, aunts and uncles, siblings and cousins - who have supported me throughout my academic career, never failed to show up when I needed them, even when I lived two days’ away, and sent me sweet messages that brightened up my day. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 5-6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 8-14 SECTION 1.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 8-9 SECTION 1.2 THE CONCEPT OF ROMANIZATION ...................................................................................... 9-11 SECTION 1.3 PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP ................................................................................................. 11-12 SECTION 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS WORK ........................................................................................... 12-13 SECTION 1.5 CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ 13-14 CHAPTER 1 ATHENS ......................................................................................................................... 15-46 SECTION 1.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT ..................................................................................................... 15-24 SECTION 1.2 ATHENIAN RELIGION IN THE LATE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY IMPERIAL PERIOD ............. 24-31 SECTION 1.3 THE ACROPOLIS ............................................................................................................... 31-45 SECTION 1.4 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 45-46 CHAPTER 2 ATHENS II: THE AGORA ........................................................................................... 47-66 SECTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 47-48 SECTION 2.2 THE ODEION OF AGRIPPA ................................................................................................. 48-49 SECTION 2.3 THE TEMPLE OF ARES ...................................................................................................... 49-61 SECTION 2.4 THE TEMPLE OF APHRODITE OURANIA ............................................................................. 62-66 SECTION 2.5 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3 ATTICA .......................................................................................................................... 67-92 SECTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 67 SECTION 3.2 IG II2 1035 ...................................................................................................................... 68-72 SECTION 3.3 ELEUSIS ........................................................................................................................... 72-89 3.3.1 Historical Contexts ................................................................................................................. 73-76 3.3.2 The Nature of the Mysteries ................................................................................................... 76-81 3.3.3 Romans at the Mysteries ......................................................................................................... 81-83 3.3.4 Archaeological Evidence from the Roman Period .................................................................. 83-89 3.3.4.1 The Lesser Propylaea .................................................................................................... 84-85 3.34.2 Augustan Age Constructions .......................................................................................... 85-89 SECTION 3.4 OTHER PLACES IN ATTICA ................................................................................................ 89-91 SECTION 3.5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 91-92 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................... 93-95 FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................. 96-114 WORKS CITED ................................................................................................................................ 115-118 4 List of Figures Figure 1: IG II2 3173. The dedicatory inscription for the Temple of Roma and Augustus……96 Figure 2: Reconstruction of the Temple of Roma and Augustus with a conical roof at the north eastern corner of the Parthenon as restored by G.P. Stevens………………………………….96 Figure 3: Restored plan of the Temple of Roma and Augustus………………………………97 Figure 4: Capital from the Temple of Roma and Augustus…………………………………..97 Figure 5: Capital from the eastern porch of the Erechtheion………………………………....97 Figure 6: Proposed reconstruction of the Temple of Roma and Augustus without the cult statues inside. Inscription would have been placed on the architrave between the two wider spaced columns……………………………………………………………………………………….97 Figure 7: Obverse of Pergamum cistophoros depicting Augustus, 19-18 BCE……………...98 Figure 8: Reverse of Pergamum cistophoros depicting round Temple of Mars Ultor, 19-18 BCE…………………………………………………………………………………………..98 Figure 9: Reverse of Pergamum cistophoros depicting the Temple of Roma and Augustus at Pergamum, 19-18 BCE……………………………………………………………………….98 Figure 10: Reverse of Pergamum cistophoros depicting Arch of Augustus, 19-18 BCE……98 Figure 11: Spanish denarius depicting Augustus on the obverse and the round Temple of Mars Ultor with the standards inside on the reverse, 18-17 BCE…………………………………..98 Figure 12: Plan for the Temple of Ares in the Agora………………………………………...99 Figure 13: Plan for the Hephaisteion…………………………………………………………99 Figure 14: Plan of the Temple of Poseidon at Sounion………………………………………99 Figure 15: Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous………………………………………………...100 Figure 16: Plan of the Agora, 2nd century CE………………………………………………..100 Figure 17: View of the foundations of the Temples of Ares from the Northeast……………101 Figure 18: Step block of the Temple of Ares with carved mason’s marks (ΙΓΕ) and a T-clamp on the left-hand side. American School at Athens……………………………………………....101 Figure 19: One of the drums from the Temple of Ares. Used in the reconstruction of the….101 Hephaisteion. The maker’s marks (ΒΕ) visible on the upper part………………………...…102 Figure 20: Coffer Fragment A 2137