Connotations A Journal for Critical Debate Volume 21 (2011/2012) Numbers 2-3 Waxmann Münster / New York Connotations - A Journal for Critical Debate by the Connotations Society is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Editors’ Note We are sad to learn that John M. Steadman has passed away in March 2012. He was a founding member of the editorial board of Connota- tions. Professor Steadman’s research mainly focused on Renaissance literature and particularly on the poetry and work of John Milton. We are grateful for the expertise he has offered our journal and will re- member the work he has done for Connotations over the years. Matthias Bauer For the Editors of Connotations Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate Published by Connotations: Society for Critical Debate EDITORS Inge Leimberg (Münster), Matthias Bauer (Tübingen), Burkhard Niederhoff (Bochum) and Angelika Zirker (Tübingen) Secretary: Eva Maria Rettner Editorial Assistants: Martina Bross, Lena Moltenbrey EDITORIAL ADDRESS Professor Matthias Bauer, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Department of English, Wilhelmstr. 50, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Email: [email protected] http://www.connotations.de EDITORIAL BOARD M. H. Abrams, Cornell University Åke Bergvall, University of Karlstad Christiane Bimberg, Universität Dortmund John Russell Brown, University College London Ursula Brumm, Freie Universität Berlin Paul Budra, Simon Fraser University Lothar erný, Fachhochschule Köln Eleanor Cook, University of Toronto William E. Engel, The University of the South Bernd Engler, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen David Fishelov, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem A. C. Hamilton, Queen’s University, Ontario John P. Hermann, University of Alabama John Hollander, Yale University Lothar Hönnighausen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Arthur F. Kinney, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Frances M. Malpezzi, Arkansas State University J. Hillis Miller, University of California, Irvine Martin Procházka, Charles University, Prague Dale B. J. Randall, Duke University Alan Rudrum, Simon Fraser University Michael Steppat, Universität Bayreuth Leona Toker, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem John Whalen-Bridge, National University of Singapore Joseph Wiesenfarth, University of Wisconsin-Madison Waxmann Münster / New York Connotations wants to encourage scholarly communication in the field of English Literature (from the Middle English period to the present), as well as American and other Literatures in English. It focuses on the semantic and stylistic energy of the language of literature in a historical perspective and aims to represent different approaches. Each issue consists of articles and a forum for discussion. The forum presents, for instance, research in progress, critical hypotheses, responses to articles published in Connotations and elsewhere, as well as to recent books. As a rule, contributions will be published within six months after submission so that discussion can begin without delay. Articles and responses should be forwarded to the editors. Articles should not exceed 12,000 words and follow the MLA Handbook. Responses should be limited to 4,000 words. All contributions should be submitted by e-mail; they should be in English and must be proofread before submission. Connotations is published three times a year. Private subscribers are welcome to join the Connotations Society for Critical Debate. Members receive the journal as well as invitations to the Connotations symposia. The suggested annual fee is € 40; reduced rate (e.g. for students) € 20. Please write to: Connotations, Professor Matthias Bauer, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Department of English, Wilhelmstr. 50, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. Email: [email protected]. Libraries and other institutional subscribers write to: Waxmann Verlag, Steinfurter Str. 555, 48159 Münster, Germany; or: Waxmann Publishing Co., P.O. Box 1318, New York, NY 10028, U.S.A. Email: connotations@ waxmann.com. Annual subscriptions are in Europe € 40, in the U.S. and all other countries $ 60, including postage. All contributions are also made freely available on the internet (http://www.connotations.de). © Waxmann Verlag GmbH, Münster/New York 2012 (Unless indicated otherwise in individual articles) All Rights Reserved Printed in Germany ISSN 0939-5482 Connotations is a member of the Council of Editors of Learned Journals. Contributions are indexed, for example, in the MLA Bibliography, the World Shakespeare Bibliography and the IBZ/IBR. Connotations A Journal for Critical Debate Volume 21 (2011/2012) Numbers 2-3 Poetic Economy (I) Poetic Economy: Ellipsis and Redundancy in Literature MATTHIAS BAUER 159 In Their Own Words: On Writing in Second Person JOSHUA PARKER 165 Leaps and Bounds: Hawthorne’s Strategies of Poetic Economy ELENA ANASTASAKI 177 “Mistah Kurtz—he dead” in Company: Redundancy and Ellipsis WILLIAM HARMON 198 Elegance and Poetic Economy in John Crowe Ransom and F. T. Prince RAJEEV S. PATKE 218 Pinter’s Fractured Discourse in The Homecoming MAURICE CHARNEY 241 Literary Allusions and Poetic Economy: Billy Collins’s “Albany” and William Wordsworth’s “I wandered lonely as a cloud” JUDITH P. SAUNDERS 256 Other ARTICLES and RESPONSES The Homosexual Temptation of the Son in Milton’s Paradise Regained: A Reply to John T. Shawcross and Claude J. Summers DAVID V. URBAN 272 Re-reading Gulliver as Quixote: Toward a Theory of Quixotic Exceptionalism AARON R. HANLON 278 On the Shore of Interpretation: The Theory and Reading of the Image in Imagism ANDREW HAY 304 “As I have heard Jeeves put it”: A Response to Lawrence Dugan’s “Worcestershirewards: Wodehouse and the Baroque” LAURA MOONEYHAM WHITE 327 The Family Reunion: Eliot, James, and the Buried Life: A Response to Edward Lobb MIRIAM M. CHIRICO 334 Tragedy and Soap: Orton’s Good and Faithful Servant SIMON SHEPHERD 346 Telling the Difference: Clones, Doubles and What’s in Between AMIT MARCUS 363 Untold and Unlived Lives in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go: A Response to Burkhard Niederhoff REBECCA SUTER 397 Connotations Vol. 21.1-3 (2011/2012) Poetic Economy: Ellipsis and Redundancy in Literature Poets and writers, artists in general, have time and again given evi- dence of their desire to get things right. The careful attention they pay to processes of revision, for example, may show that they want their work to meet certain ideas of what it should be like, and that they want it to achieve a most intense effect. But what does that mean when it comes to the actual composition? Writers and critics reflecting on poetic production have frequently answered that question by focussing on the necessity of avoiding superfluity; every single ele- ment of a work is to fulfil its function in the best possible way. Thus Aristotle says about the action of tragedy that “the structural union of the parts being such that, if any one of them is displaced or removed, the whole will be disjointed and disturbed. For a thing whose pres- ence or absence makes no visible difference, is not an organic part of the whole” (Poetics 8). With a somewhat different emphasis, but still sharing the notion of every element being necessary, Sir Philip Sidney maintains that “one word cannot be lost but the whole work fails” (An Apology for Poetry 122). The concept is not restricted to classical and neoclassical aesthetics. When Virginia Woolf says that “[e]very ounce of fat has been pared off” (“On Not Knowing Greek” 44) she refers to classical Greek drama but makes us realize that “nothing superflu- ous” is a notion very much relevant to her own, modernist, view of art. The concept of functionality (each part is required and what is not functional is not required) combines organic as well as economic principles, as it is based on the assumption that there is no waste in nature. “Economy” becomes no less relevant when we take a step from considering inherent structure (elements in relation to the or- ganon as a whole) to considering the function of a work as a realiza- tion of its author’s ideas, as an image of life, or as having a particular 160 MATTHIAS BAUER effect on its audience. Eugene O’Neill, for example, recommended the use of masks in theatre because it entails “the greatest possible dra- matic clarity and economy of means” (“Memoranda on Masks” 154). He was concerned with making visible conflicts of the soul and looked for the most telling and effective way of doing so. This very limited range of examples already shows that while the principle, in its broadest terms, is ubiquitous, many questions remain. What exactly is the relationship, for example, between the idea that there should be no word that can be left out without risking the col- lapse of the whole work and the idea that much (a complex idea or subject matter) should be expressed by sparing means? The German word for poetry, Dichtung, fancifully indicates this very notion of density or compression, of much in little, but this is not the same as the idea that a work is not to be diminished (or added to) without destroying its very nature. Furthermore, does this mean that notions of economy work better with short works, the haiku for example? What about the economy of War and Peace and Our Mutual Friend? Condensation may go too far, a too compressed or too elliptical style may lead to (at best mysterious) vagueness or utter meaninglessness. Furthermore, we may ask whether both these aspects of economy in literary creation are in any way related to literature as an image of life, as a response to or model of the world, etc. As regards “relevance,” it is remarkable that the index to the 2500-page Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism does not have a single entry relating to aspects of poetic economy. Still, its relevance to life seems to have been seen from the beginning, as we come to realize that the locus classicus of the concept is to be found in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (and not just in the Poetics): Aristotle speaks of “the common remark about a perfect work of art, that you could not take from it nor add to it—meaning that excess and deficiency destroy perfection, while adherence to the mean preserves it” (2.6.9).