DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU SELF LEARNING MATERIAL B. A. SEMESTER - III SUBJECT : HISTORY UNIT I-IV COURSE No. HT - 301 LESSONS : 1-16 Dr. HINA S. ABROL COURSE CO-ORDINATOR http:/ www. distanceeducationju.in Printed and Published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, DDE University of Jammu, Jammu. MODERN INDIA COURSE CONTRIBUTORS : CONTENT EDITING AND PROOF READING • Prof. Kashab Kumar • Dr. Hina S. Abrol • Dr. Savtanter Kour Sr. Assistant Professor of History • Prof. Poonam Rani Directorate of Distance Education • Prof. Mohammad Ashraf © Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu 2020 • All rights reserved . No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE , University of Jammu. • The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson / script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his / her entire responsibility. Printed by : S. K. Printing Press / 2020 / 50 Nos. HISTORY - IIIRD SEMESTER DETAILED SYLLABUS FOR THE YEARS 2015, 2016 AND 2017 ONWARDS COURSE NO. 301 (THEORY) SEMESTER : THIRD (UNDER GRADUATE) COURSE TITLE : MODERN INDIA Credit : 4 Maximum Marks : 100 (a) Semester Examination : 80 (b) Sessional Examination : 20 SYLLABUS Objectives : To make the student understand certain important events relating to political, social and constitutional developments and national movement that took place between 1857-1947 UNIT-I 1. Revolt of 1857; Causes, Nature and Repercussions; 2. Act of 1858; Causes, salient features and general appraisal; 3 Reform Movements of the 19th Century - Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj. 4. Social Legislations of the 19th Century. UNIT-II 1. Administrative Development Under Lord Ripon. 2. Administrative Development Under Lord Curzon. 3. Act of 1909 : Causes, Salient Features and General Appraisal. 4. Act of 1919 : Causes, Salient Features and General Appraisal. 1 UNIT-III 1. Rise of Indian Nationalism : Factors and Circumstances. 2. The Indian National Movement : Birth of Indian National Congress, Moderates and Extremists. 3. Non - Cooperation Movement. 4. Swaraj Party. UNIT-IV 1. Simon Commission and Nehru Report. 2. The Cripps Mission. 3. Quit India Movement. 4. Cabinet Mission and Mountbatten Plan. NOTE FOR PAPER SETTING : The question paper will contain two questions, from each Unit (total eight questions) and the candidates will be required to answer one question from each unit (total question to be attempted, will be four) i.e. there will internal choice within the Unit. BOOKS RECOMMENDED : 1. Tara Chand : A History of Freedom Movement in India, Vols. I, II, III & IV. 2. R. C. Majumdar : History of Freedom Movement in India Vols. I, II and III. 3. Durga Dass : India, from Curzon to Nehru and after. 4. A. C. Kapoor : Constitutional History of India. 5. A. B. Keith : Constitutional History of India. 6. J. L. Nehru : An Autobiography. 7. G. S. Chhabra : An Advance Study in the History of Modern 2 India, Vols. I, II & III. 8. Anil Seal : Emergence of Indian Nationalism. 9. S. R. Mehrotra : Emergence of Indian National Congress. 10. Pattavi Sitaramayya : History of the Indian National Congress, Vols. I & II. 11. P. C. Ghose : Indian National Congress. 12. Daniel Argov : Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Movement. 13. Andrews & Mookerji : Rise and the Growth of the Congress. 14. B. M. Taunk : Non-Cooperation Movement in Indian Politics. 15. Sumit Sarkar : Modern India. 16. Bipin Chandra : Nationalism. 17. A. R. Desai : Social Background of Indian Nationalism. 18. S. Gopal : British Policy in India 1858 to 1905. Internal Assessment : 20 Marks 3 MODERN INDIA CONTENTS LESSON NAME OF THE PAGE TITLE NO. AUTHOR NOS. 1. Revolt of 1857 - Causes nature and repercussions Prof. Kashab Kumar 5 -22 2. Act of 1858: Causes, Salient Features Prof. Kashab Kumar 23-29 and General Appraisal 3 A). Reform Movements of the 19 th century - Brahmo Samaj Dr. Savtanter Kour 30-40 3 B). Arya Samaj Dr. Savtanter Kour 41-47 4 Social Legislations of the 19th Century Dr. Savtanter Kour 48-55 5 Administrative Development under Lord Ripon Prof. Kashab Kumar 56-64 6. Administrative Development Under Lord Curzon Prof. Kashab Kumar 65-72 7. Act of 1909 - Causes, Salient Features and General Appraisal Prof. Kashab Kumar 73-85 8. Act of 1919 - Causes, Salient Features and General Appraisal Prof. Kashab Kumar 86-94 9. Rise of Indian Nationalism : Factors and Circumstances Dr. Savtanter Kour 95-106 10. The Indian National Movement : Birth of Indian National Congress, Moderates and Extremists. Prof. Poonam Rani 107-126 11. Non - Cooperation Movement Prof. Poonam Rani 127-141 12. Swaraj Party Prof. Poonam Rani 142-157 13. Simon Commission and Nehru Report Prof. Mohd. Ashraf 158-177 14. The Cripps Mission Prof. Mohd. Ashraf 178-189 15. Quit India Movement Prof. Mohd. Ashraf 190-204 16. The Cabinet Mission Plan, Mountbatten Plan Prof. Mohd. Ashraf 205-224 4 B. A. III Semester Unit : I Course No. : 301 Lesson : 1 REVOLT OF 1857: CAUSES, NATURE AND REPERCUSSIONS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Causes of the Revolt 1.3.1 Political Cause 1.3.2 Economic Cause 1.3.3 Socio- Religious Cause 1.3.4 Administrative Causes 1.3.5 Events outside the World 1.3.6 Military Causes 1.3.7 Immediate Cause 1.4 Prominent Leaders 1.5 Reasons of failure 1.6 Significance 1.7 Nature 1.7.1 Whether it was a sepoy mutiny? 1.7.2 Whether it was a Hindu-Muslim conspiracy ? 5 1.7.3 Whether it was a war of Races ? 1.7.4 Whether it was a war between Feudalism & Imperialism? 1.7.5 Whether it was a war of Independence? 1.8 The Revolt was not Wholly a National War of Independence 1.9 The Revolt was more than a mere sepoy Mutiny 1.10 Summary 1.11 Glossary 1.12 Self assessment questions 1.13 Suggested Reading 1.14 References 1.15 Model Test Paper 1.1 Introduction The revolt of 1857 is considered to be the most important chapter in the history of Indian nationalism. It had sowed the seeds of indian Nationalism. It was the moment when Indians challenged the mighty British Empire. It awakened the Indian consciousness that lay dormant in the subconscious of the Indian people. It started the movement which was a continuous struggle against the British rule till 1947 1.2 Objectives After going through this lesson you will be able:- a. To understand the background or causes of the Revolt of 1857. b. To understand the outbreak and spread of the Revolt of 1857. c. To explain the causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857. d. To explain the nature or the character of the Revolt of 1857 1.3 Causes The revolt did not happen overnight rather it was a product of the character and 6 policies of colonial rule. The Cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation and administrative innovation over the years had adversely affected the positions of all-rulers of Indian states, sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans, pundits, maulvis etc. The simmering discontent burst in the form of a violent storm in 1857 which shook the British Empire in India to its very foundations.The causes of the revolt emerged from all aspects-socio-cultural, economic and political-of daily existence of Indian population cutting through all sections and classes. The various causes were :- 1.3.1 Political Causes a. The east India Company’s greedy policy of aggrandizement accompanied by broken pledges and oaths resulted in loss of political prestige for it, on the one hand, and caused suspicion in the minds of almost all ruling princes in India. b. The policies as of ‘Effective Control’, ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ and ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. The right of succession was denied to Hindu princes. The right of succession was humbled when on Prince Fariquddin’s death in1856, whose succession had been recognized conditionally by Lord Dalhousie, Lord Canning announced that the next prince on succession would have to renounce the regal title and the ancestral Mughal palaces, in addition to renunciations agreed upon by Prince Fariquddin. c. The Annexation of Awadh in 1856 was a blow to the prestige of the ruling classes, the local population and the sepoys. Apart from Delhi, Awadh was the secondmost important centre of the revolt. Multiple causes were present here in their true form. About three-fourth of the Company’s sepoys were recruited from Awadh and any change in the agrarian set-up and in the cultural fabric would also be acutely felt bythem. Annexation of Awadh in 1856 on the pretext of maladministration became an important cause for many of those who participated. The annexation led to disbanding of the Nawab’s army and also affected the entire aristocracy, which in turn severely affected the economy of the region. d. Initially, when the British were expanding their hold over India and consolidating their rule, they were careful in showing due deference to Indian Princes and their privileges. But as their confidence grew, there was an attempt by the British to take away the nominal authority of the native Princes and their pensions were 7 greatly reduced. This created unease among the various regional kingdoms. By following the Doctrine of Lapse, the adopted sons of the deceased kings were derecognized as heirs to the throne, which subsequently led to the annexation to a large number of Kingdoms. Satara (1848), Nagpur, Sambalpur and Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852) and Jhansi (1853) to name a few, were annexed by the British.However, each of these states was brought under the British rule for their strategic, administrative and military value.