DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/star.v4i1.35 ISSN: 2226-7522(Print) and 2305 -3372 (Online) Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 201 5, 4(1): 221-228 Journal Homepage: http://www.starjournal.org/ Original Research Determinants of Improved Rice Varieties Adoption in Fogera District of Ethiopia Afework Hagos 1* and Lemma Zemedu 2 1Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research/Assosa Research Center, P.O. Box 265, Assosa, Ethiopia 2School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia Abstract Article Information The Ethiopian agriculture is characterized by the use of inadequate production technologies Article History: that in a variable climate produces important fluctuations in crop yields, uncertainties, and food Received : 12-01-2015 insecurities. Consequently, the study has focused to analyze factors affecting adoption of rice Revised : 15-03-2015 improved varieties in Fogera district of Ethiopia. It particularly focused on the determinants of Accepted : 22-03-2015 improved varieties. For this study pur pose 151 households were randomly drawn from three Keywords : randomly selected Kebeles in probability proportional to size method. The demographic and Adoption socio economic factors that determine the participation in improved varieties were households Rice improved varieties labor availability, e ducation level of the household head, land holding, distance to the nearest Univariate probit model Fogera District village market, proximity to the main market, distance to access agricultural extension, access to the source of rice seeds, access to new cultivars of rice and off -farm income. Consequently, *Corresponding Author: finding ways to strengthen smallholder access to inputs, technology, and information, and Afework Hagos improving the incentives for their use and adoption, all within highly heterogeneous agro ecologies is very important. E-mail: Copyright@201 5 STAR Journal , Wollega University . All Rights Reserved. [email protected] INTRODUCTION Ethiopia is situated in the tropical zone, but because of Over the past two decades, decision makers in its wide range of altitude (from below sea level to over Ethiopia have pursued a range of policies and 3000 m above sea level); it is endowed with a broad investments to boost agricultural production and diversity of climates ranging from humid tropics to alpine productivity, particularly with respect to the food staple climates suitable for successful growth of most types of crops that are critical to reducing poverty in the country. A both temperate and tropical crops. The total mean annual central aim of this process has been to increase the flow o f water from all the river basins is estimated to be availability of improved seed, chemical fertilizers, and 122 billion cubic meters and the ground water potential is extension services for small-scale, resource -poor farmers, estimated at 2.6 billion cubic meters (MoARD, 2010). particularly those cultivating food staple crops (David et. These water resources can potentially be used for al, 2010). Thus, rice is one of the staple food crops for irrigation. Ethiopia has also one of the largest livestock more than 60 percent of the world’s population. inventories in Africa (CSA, 2008; MoARD, 2010). Rice belongs to the family “Gramineae” and the genus However, Ethiopian agriculture is characterized by the “Oryza”. There are about 25 species of Oryza. Of these use of inadequate production technologies that in a only two s pecies are cultivated, namely Oryza sativa variable climate produces important fluctuations in crop Linus and Oryzaglaberrima Stead. The former is yields, uncertainties, an d food insecurities. In addition to originated from North Eastern India to Southern China but the above, access and availability to improved production has spread to all parts of the world. The latter is still technologies including seed, fertilizers, mechanization and confined to its original home land, West Africa. R ice markets are limited. The most recent estimate by the (Oryza sativa Linu) is one of the main staple foods for Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2009) 70% of the population of the world. Africa produces an indicates, from a total cultivable area of 12.8 million ha, average of 26.4 million tones of rough rice ( 17.4 million only about 8 million ha is under cereal crops. Various tonnes, milled) in 2012 (FAO, 2013). studies indicate that improved seeds are used in less than 3% of the total cultivated area. For smallholder farmers, Rice is among the important cereal crops grown in the main constraints are availability and affordability to different parts of Ethiopia as food crop. The country has quality seeds. immense potentials for growing the crop. It is reported that the potential rice production area in Ethiopia is estimated to be about 5.4 million hec tares. According to the national A Peer-reviewed Official International Journal of Wollega University, Ethiopia 221 Afework Hagos and Lemma Zemedu Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Jan-March 2015, 4(1): 221-228 rice research and document strategy (2009), the trend in reflects the farmer’s decisions to incorporate a new the number of rice producing farmers, area allocated and technology into the production process. On the other production shows high increase rate especially since hand, aggregate adoption is the process of spread or 2006. The number of farmers engaged in rice production diffusion of a new technology within a region or has increased from about 53 thousand in 2006 to about population. Therefore, a distinction exists between 260 thousand in 2008. Similarly, the area allocated has adoption at the individual farm level and aggregate increased from about 18 thousand in 2006 to about 90 adoption, within a targeted region or within a given thousand ha in 2008 along with production increase from geographical area (Feder et al ., 1985). about 150 thousand tonnes in 2006 to about 286 thousand tonnes in 2008 (NRRDS, 2009). Adoption of technological innovations in agriculture has attracted considerable attention among development Bull (1988) estimated that about 3.5 million hectares of economists because the majority of the population of less vertisols is found in the Amhara region, which remains developed countries derives their livelihood from waterlogged for most of the year and possible to produce agricultural production and a new technology, which food crops in these soils through better water apparently offers opportunities to increase production and management (drainage) and use of water loving crops productivity (Feder et al ., 1985).Agriculture progresses such as rice. Attempts have been made to improve the technologically as farmers adopt innovations. The extent rice varieties in the Fogera area. The popular upland rice to which farmers adopt available innovations and the variety in the Fogera plain was X-Gigna (N. KOREA) but speed by which they do so determines the impact of now three rice varieties Kokit (IRAT-209), Tigabe (IREM- innovations in terms of productivity growth (Diederen et 194) and Gumara (IAC-164) ) were released for Fogera al ., 2003). and similar areas. Other introduced varieties like New Rice for Africa (NERICA) are being tested for adaptation According to Sunding et al.( 2000), measures of trial (Sewagegne, 2005). adoption may indicate both the timing and extent of new technology utilization by individuals. Adoption behavior Clearly, in Ethiopia, rice is among the target may be depicted by more than one variable. It may be commodities that have received due emphasis in depicted by a discrete choice, whether or not to utilize an promotion of agricultural production, and as such it is innovation, or by a continuous variable that indicates to considered as the “millennium crop” expected to what extent a divisible innovation is used. contribute to ensuring food security in the country. Although rice is introduced to the country very recently, Adoption at the farm level describes the realization of rice has proven to be a crop that can assure food security a farmer’s decision to implement a new technology. On in Ethiopia, the second most populous nation in Sub- the other hand, aggregate adoption is the process by Sahara Africa (SSA) with about 74 million people in which a new technology spreads or diffuses through a 2007(MoARD, 2010). region. Therefore a distinction exists between adoption at the individual farm level and within a targeted region. If an Under the current situation of the rice sector in innovation is modified periodically, however, the Ethiopia, research and development gaps were identified equilibrium level of adoption will not be achieved. This in different producing regions of the country. Fogera situation requires the use of econometric procedures that Woreda is one of the main producers of rice which can capture both the rate and the process of adoption contributes 58% of the region and 28% of the national (Getahun et al. , 2000). production of rice. In the Woreda rice is one of the food crop produced by the majority of the farmers, after teff, According to Alemu et al. ( 1998), many variables can maize and finger millet. Study conducted by influence farmers' awareness and adoption of new Gebremedhin and Hoekstra (2007) indicated that 72% of varieties: human capital variables such as literacy; farm the households are producers of rice and about 50% of size; information sources such as agricultural extension or the farmers sell