Robots take up Making better Pioneering small sewing batteries satellites TechnologyQuarterly May 30th 2015 Flying into the future Inside tomorrow’s airliners 20150530_TQ_MAY.indd 1 19/05/2015 12:29 The Economist Technology Quarterly May 30th 2015 Monitor 1 Contents On the cover From seating to lighting and entertainment, things will be different for whatever class you fly. The cover image, by Factorydesign, a London design agency, presents one idea of the interior of a future airliner, page 6 Made to measure Monitor 1 Robotic sewing machines that could replace garment workers, security systems that replace passwords, preventing invasive species entering the Factory automation: A robotic sewing machine could throw garment workers Mediterranean through the Suez Canal and generating in low-cost countries out of a job electricity from glass UMAN hands are extremely good at erson, the founder ofSoftWear making clothes. While many manu- Automation, a textile-equipment manu- Difference engine H facturing processes have been automated, facturer based in Atlanta, where Dr Dick- 5 Your phone on steroids stitching together garments remains a job erson was a professor at the Georgia In- The coming 5G networks for for millions ofpeople around the world. stitute ofTechnology. ultra-fast connections As with most labour-intensive tasks, much The company is developing machines ofthe workhas migrated to low-wage which tackle the problems ofautomated Air travel countries, especially in Asia. Factory sewing in a number ofways. They use conditions can be gruelling. As nations cameras linked to a computer to track the 6 Flying into the future develop and wages rise, the trade moves stitching. Researchers have tried using The passenger cabin is changing on to the next cheapest location: from machine vision before, for instance by in tomorrow’s airliners China, to Bangladesh and, now that it is having cameras detect the edge ofa piece opening up, Myanmar. Could that migra- offabric to workout where to stitch. Air travel tion be about to end with the develop- The Atlanta team, however, have great- 9 Watching the world go by ment ofa robotic sewing machine? ly increased accuracy by using high-speed Supersonic flight is returning— There have been many attempts to photography to capture up to 1,000 frames in reduced form automate sewing. Some processes can per second. These images are then manip- now be carried out autonomously: the ulated by software to produce a higher cutting offabric, for instance, and some- level ofcontrast. This more vivid image Rational consumer times sewing buttons or pockets. But it is allows the computer to pickout individual 10 Ready to runcible devilishly difficult to make a machine in threads in the fabric. Instead ofmeasuring A guide to smartphones that are which fabric goes in one end and finished the fabric the robotic sewing machine something different garments, such as jeans and T-shirts, come counts the number ofthreads to deter- out the other. The particularly tricky bit is mine the stitching position. As a conse- stitching two pieces ofmaterial together. quence, any distortion to the fabric made Better batteries This involves aligning the material cor- by each punch ofthe needle can be mea- 11 Charge of the lithium brigade rectly to the sewing head, feeding it sured extremely accurately. These mea- How energy storage is improving, through and constantly adjusting the surements also allow the “feed dog”, steadily but surely fabric to prevent it slipping and buckling, which gently pulls fabric through the while all the time keeping the stitches neat machine, to make constant tiny adjust- Brain scan and the thread at the right tension. Nimble ments to keep things smooth and even. fingers invariably prove better at this than Dr Dickerson patented the idea in 2012 13 Britain’s spaceman cogs, wheels and servo motors. and won a $1.3m research contract from Sir Martin Sweeting, a pioneer “The distortion ofthe fabric is no lon- DARPA, a US Department ofDefence of small satellites ger an issue. That’s what prevented auto- research-and-development agency. The matic sewing in the past,” says Steve Dick- military interest in sewing arises from a 1 2 Monitor The Economist Technology Quarterly May 30th 2015 2 1941requirement that the department ofhaving it manually stitched together gives preference to American suppliers from individual panels, the way most when buying uniforms. Bill Lockhart, a trainers are made in Asian factories. Nike SoftWear Automation executive, says last has not said how farit intends to take the year the project began successfully stitch- technology, but it has the potential to ing together pieces offabric robotically produce customised trainers forindivid- and that one machine being developed is uals and to do so locally—perhaps even now able to stitch a perfect circle—some- within stores. thing that only a highly skilled human Shoemakers are already using 3D operator would dare to attempt. printers, which build up material additive- But neat stitching is only part of the ly, to make prototypes ofshoes. Exotic sewing process. Most garments are as- clothing and shoes made with 3D printers sembled from various different pieces of are becoming regulars on the catwalks at fabric: 20 or more sections typically for a many ofthe world’s leading fashion pair ofjeans. This means a robotic sewing shows, although the materials they are machine also needs to be able to pick up printed from tend to be various sorts of material, feed the appropriate sections to plastic, which can make the garments the sewing head and remove them when somewhat clunky and shoes a bit clog- complete. To do that, the company has like. However, researchers are working on developed a materials-handling system ways to print more flexible materials. One which it calls LOWRY. This uses a vacuum such project involves a collaboration grip to pickup pieces offabric and move between Disney, Cornell University and them to another machine, which might Carnegie Mellon University. Their 3D cut, stitch, add buttons or carry out other printer uses layers ofoff-the-shelffabric to finishing tasks. LOWRY is programmable, make soft objects, such as cuddly toys. letters and symbols. so can switch easily from working with The real test ofhow successful robots The idea is to make greater use of a one size ofmaterial to another. will be at making clothing and shoes will process called multi-factor authentication. depend on how efficient and reliable they The password is, as security folkput it, A stitch in time will be, and how fully they can automate “something you know”. It can be made Although the first LOWRY will be deliv- the process. Iftime-to-market and custo- more robust by being paired with “some- ered to an American factory later this year, misation are priorities, then the robots thing you have”, which could be a device commercial versions ofthe firm’s robotic might win—even ifsome manual inter- or app which receives or generates a un- sewing machines capable ofautomating vention in production is required. But for ique code, known as a token, with a short the more difficult tasks in making gar- mass-produced lines, where every cent period ofvalidity. Such gadgets are already ments will not be ready until next year. matters, any human involvement could widely available in online banking for FrankHenderson, the boss ofHen- keep manufacturing offshore. The lesson users to generate a code when accessing derson Sewing, an Alabama-based textile- from industrial automation in other sorts their account. A code can also be texted to equipment firm, and an investor in Soft- offactories, though, shows that robots a user’s mobile phone when logging into Wear Automation, reckons that robotic keep getting better and cheaper. It may be their e-mail on a computer. sewing will be attractive to American a while coming, but the writing seems to The token (which might be exchanged fashion brands wanting to bring produc- be on the wall for sweatshops. 7 wirelessly between, say, a phone and a tion closer to home and produce garments payment terminal) could be paired with rapidly to catch new trends. Inditex, a “fast “something you are”, such as an analysis fashion” Spanish company, whose brands ofa user’s voice, his iris or a fingerprint. As include Zara, famously does this by mak- more smartphones and computers now ing many ofits garments manually in Passé words come with biometric systems which can Europe to speed up its time-to-market. take such measurements, it is becoming With designs and samples shuttling to and easier to linkthe something-you-have from Asian factories, it can take months with the something-you-are, thus leaving before new clothes finally turn up in other the password out ofthe process. American and European stores—by which Cyber-security: Technology is finally To enable the wireless transfer of a time they can be out offashion. making strides in reducing the need security token, devices are being fitted JackPlunkett, ofPlunkett Research, a to remember lots of complicated with near-field communication (NFC) market-research company, says pressure chips. As these chips use less power than on Asian clothing manufacturers to keep p@s$w0rd$ Bluetooth, NFC works over a shorter wages low while improving working ASSWORDS are the bane ofa life range: just a few centimetres. Devices need conditions is leading many to lookat Penveloped by information technology. to be close or touching to communicate, automation, too. On that point, SoftWear And they are proliferating wildly as more which is ideal for contactless smartphone Automation’s Mr Lockhart says a Bangla- and more devices and online services payments, such as Google Wallet and deshi company has already expressed demand them.