Glass. Book JW~ __ «roí / THE ART OF PAPERMAKING —— — — WORKS BY THE SAME AUTIIOB. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth, THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Hand- book of the Manufacture of Hard and Poft Soapg, Toilet Soapg, Kc. With numerous Illustrations. Seventh Edition, including an Appendix on Modern Candle-Making. "Really an excellent example of a technieal manual, entering as it does, thoroughly and exhaustively, both iato the theory and practiee of soap manufacture. The book is well and honestly done, and deserves the con- siderable circulation with which it will doubtless meet."—Knowledge. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth, 128. 6d. net. LEATHER MANUFACTURE: A Practical Handbook of Tanning, Currying, and Chrome Leather Dressing. AVith numerous Illustrations. " A sound, comprehenslve treatise on tanning and its accessories The book is an eminently valuable production." Chemical Meview. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 700 pages, 12s. 6d. net. ELECTRO-PLATING AND ELECTRO-REFINING OF METALS. Being a new edition of Alexander AVatt's "Electro- Deposition." Revised and Largely Rewritten by Aexold Philip, B.Sc, A.I.E.E., Principal Assistant to the Admiralty Chemlst. " Altogether the work can be highly recommended to every electro-plater, and is of undoubted interest to every electro-metallurgist." Electricaí Heview. " Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials, as actually pursued and used in the workshop." Engineer. Tenth Edition, Enlarged and Eevised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. cloth. ELECTRO-METALLURGY : Practically Treated. Tenth Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Additional Matter and IllustrationB, including the most recent Processes. "From this book both amateur and artisan may ¡earn everything neces- sary for the successful prosecution of electro-platiug." Iron. CEOSBY LO0KWOOD & SON, 1, Stationers' Hall Court, London, E.C. THE ART OF PAPER-MAKING A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER FROM RAGS, ESPARTO, STRAW, AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS, INCLUDING -THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FROM WOOD FIBRE eHitlt a ¿pcscription oí tkt Jttachinern anb ^piíüanas Visto TO WHICH AEE ADDED DETAILS OF PKOCESSES FOE, RECOVEEING SODA FROM WASTE LIQUORS By ALEXANDEE WATT ATJTHOE Or " TIIE ART OF SOAI'- MARINO," " MÍArflHH, MANUFACTURE,'* " ELECTRO- METALLURGY," " ELECTRO-BEPOSITION," ETC., ETC. TEIRD EDITION. NEW YORK D. VAN" NOSTRAND COMPANY 23 MUKRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS London: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON 1907 ^> (hpf\ x ¥-117*41 PEEFACE. In the present volunie, while describing the various opera- tions involved in the manufacture of paper, the Author has endeavoured to render the work serviceable as a book of reference in respect to the processes and improvements which have from time to time been introduced, and many of which have been more or less practically applied either at home or abroad. The recovery of soda from waste liquors has been fully dealt with, and the details of several applied processes explained. Special attention has also been directed to some of the more important methods of producing pulp from wood fibre, since it is highly probable that from this inexhaus- tible source the paper-maker will ultimately derive much of the cellulose used in his manufacture. Indeed it may be deemed equally probable, when the processes for dis- integrating wood fibre, so largely applied in America and on the Continent, become better understood in this country, that their adoption here will become more ex- tensive than has hitherto been the case. VI PREFACE. To render the work more readily understood alike by the practical operator and the student, care has been taken to avoid, as far as possible, the introduction of unexplained technicalities ; at the same time it has been the writer's aim to furnish the reader with a variety of information which, it is hoped, will prove both useful and instructive. It is with much pleasure that the Author tenders his sincere thanks to Mr. Sydney Spalding, of the Horton Kirby Mills, South Darenth, for his kind courtesy in conducting him through the various departments of the mili, and for explaining to him the operations períbrmed therein. To Mr. Frank Lloyd he also acknowledges his indebtedness for the generous readiness with which he accompanied him over the Daily Chronicle Mili at Sitting- bourne, and for the pains he took to supply information as to certain details at the Author's request. His best thanks are also due to those manufacturers of paper- making machinery who supplied him with many of the blocks which illustrate the pages of the book. — CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. CELLULOSE. TA.GE Cellulose—Action of Acids on Cellulose—Ph3'sical Characteristics oí Cellulose—Micrographic Examination of Vegetable Fibres Determination of Cellulose—Recognition of Vegetable Fibres by tbe Microscope ......... .1 CHAPTER II. MATERIALS USEB IW FAFER-MAKING. Raw Materials —Raga—Disinfecting Machine—Straw—Esparto Grass —Wood—Bamboo—Paper Mulberry 9 CHAPTER III. TREATMENT OF RAGS. Preliminary Operations— Sorting—Cutting—Bertrams' Rag-cutting Machine— Nuttall's Rag-cutter— "Willowing—Bertrams' Willow and Duster—Dusting—Bryan Donliin's Duster or Willow Donkin's Devil 19 CHAPTER IV. TREATMENT OF RAGS {continued) Boiling Bags—Bertrams' Bag-boiler—Donkin's Rag-boiler—Washing and Breaking—Bertrams' Rag-engine—Bentley and Jackson's Rag-engine—Draining—Torrance's Drainer . .29 — VIH CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. TREATMENT OF ESPAUTO. PAGE Preliminary Treatment— Picking — Willowing Esparto — Boiling Esparto— Sinclair* s Esparto Boiler—Roeckner's Boiler —Mallary's Procesa — Carbonell's Process — Washing Boiled Esparto — Young's Process—Bleaching the Esparto . o . 40 CHAPTER VI. TREATMENT OF WOOB. T. Chemical Processes—Watt and Burgess's Process—Sinclair's Process—Keegan's Process—American "VVood-pulp System Aussedat's Process—Acid Treatment of Wood—Pictet and Brélaz's Process—Barre and Blondel's Process—Poncharac's Process—Young and Pettigrew's Process—Fridet and Matus- siére's Process 63 CHAPTER VIL TREATMENT OF WOOB {continúen). Sulphite Processes—Francke's Process—Ekman's Process—Dr. Mit- scherlich's Process — Bitter and Kellner's Boiler—Partington's Process — Blitz's Process—M'Dougall's Boiler for Acid Pro- cesses—Graham's Process—Objections to the Acid or Sulphite Processes—Sulphite Fibre and Eesin—Adamson's Process Sulphide. Processes—Ix. Mechatíical Phocesses—Voelter's Process for preparing Wood-pulp—Thune's Process . .68 CHAPTER VIII. TREATMENT OF VARIOTJS FIBRES. Treatment of Straw—Bentley and Jackson's Boiler—Boiling the Straw—Bertrams' Edge-runner—M. A. C. Mellier's Process Manilla, Jute, &c. — "Waste Paper — Boiling Waste Paper — Ryan's Process for TreatiDg Waste Paper 80 — CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER IX. BLEACHING. PAGE Bleaching Operations—Sour Bleaching—Bleaching witli Chloride of Lime—Donkin's Bleach Mixer—Bleaching with Chlorine Gas (Grlaser's Process) —Electrolytic Bleaching (C. Watt's Process) —Hermite's Process—Andreoli's Process —Thompson's Process —Lnnge's Process—Zinc Bleach Liquor—Alum Bleach Liquor —New Method of Bleaching 89 CHAPTER X. BEATING OR REFINING. Beating—Mr. Dunbar's Ohservations on Beating—Mr. Arnot on Beating Engines —Mr. Wyatt on American Befining Engines The Beating Engine—Forbes' Beating Engine—TJmpherston's Beating Engine— Operation of Beating—Test for Chlorine Blending 101 CHAPTER XI. LOADING.—SIZING.—C0L0T7RING. Loading—Sizing—French Method of preparing Engine Size—Zinc Soaps in Sizing—Colouring—Animal or Tub Sizing—Prepara- tion of Animal Size—American Method of Sizing—Machine Sizing—Double-sized Paper—Mr. Wyatt's Eemarks on Sizing . ] 14 CHAPTER XII. MAKING PAPER BY HAKD. The Vat and Mould—Making the Paper— Sizing and Finishíng . 129 CHAPTER XIII. MAKING PAPER BY MACHINERY. The Fourdrinier Machine—Bertrams' Large Paper Machine— Stuff Chests— Strainers—Bevolving Strainer and Knotter — Self- —— CONTENTS. PAGK cleansing Strainer—Eoeckner's Pulp Strainers—The Machine "Wire and its Accessoríen—Conical Pulp-Saver—The Dandy- Boll—Water-Marking—De la Rue's Improvements in Water- Marks— Suction Boxes — Couch Eolls — Press Rolls — Drying Cylinders—Smoothing Eolls—Single Oylinder Machines . .133 CHAPTER XIV. CALENBEEING, CUTTING, AND FINISEIXG. Web-Glazing — Glazing Calender — Damping Eolls — Finishing Píate Glazing—Donkin's Glazing Press—Mr. Wyatt on Ame- rican Super-Calendering—Mr. Arnot on Finishing—Cutting Eevolving Knife Cutter—Bertrams' Single-sheet Cutter Packing the finished Paper—Sizes of Paper . 154 CHAPTER XV. COLOURED I'APEES. Coloured Papers—Colouring Matters used in Paper-making American Combinations for Colouring—Mixing Colouring Ma- terials with Pulp— Colouring Paper for Artificial Flowers Stains for Glazed Papers—Stains for Morocco Papers—Stains for Satin Papers 165 CHAPTER XVI. 3IISCELLANE0TTS PAPEES. Waterproof Paper— Scoffern and Tidcombe's Procesa—Dr. Wright's Process for preparing Cupro-Ammonium—Jouglet's Procesa Waterproof Composition for Paper—Toughening Paper—Mor- fit's Proceas—Transparent Paper—Tracing Paper—Varnished Paper—Oiled Paper—Lithographic Paper—Cork Paper—New Japanese Paper—Blotting Paper—Parchment Paper—Mili and Cardboard—Making Paper or Cardboard with two Faces by ordinary Machine—Test Papers 174 — CONTENTS. xi CHAPTEE XVII. MACHÍNER Y USEB IN PAPER-MAKING. PAOE Bentley and Jackson's Drum "Washer—Drying Cylínders— Self- acting Dry Felt Regulator—Paper Cutting Machine—Single- web Winding Machine—Cooling and Damping Eolls—Reversing or Plate-glazing Calender—Plate-planing