AUSTRALIAN LITERATURE Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introducing Australian Literature 1.2 Problems of Definition 1.3 Matters of Relevance 1.4 Suxtapositions 1.5 Let Us Sum Up 1.6 Questions 1.7 Workscited 1.0 OBJECTIVES The purpose of this unit is to give you a broad overview of Australian literature and then introduce you to some of the problems that are part of any attempt to answer the questions: What is Australian literature? Why is it relevant for the Indian student of English litemture? What is the nature of its relation to Indian literature? l,l INTRODUCING AUSTRALIAN LITERATURE Australian literature is a large body of writing that can include early versions and English translations of Aboriginal song sequences or folktales, the memoirs, journals and ballads of early European explorers and settlers. It also includes the more formal works of literature that followed as writingand publishing established its sway on the island continefit. Like the literature of any other nation it captures in many ways the growth and development of Australia into the country that we know today. It can be said that much of what we can include under the category of Australian literature from the early phases of its development was not what would be traditionally considered literature. For example, the oral songs and stories of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia were passed on orally from generation to generation without being written. Even when they were recorded in English versions it was done more with an anthropological intention than a literary one. The idea was to learn more about the culture and values of the Aboriginal peoples from a scientific point of view than to study the aesthetic aspects of these creations. Similarly, the records, memoirs, diaries and journals that are today included under the study of literature were not always meant for this purpose. They were often the private or official records of explorers, administrators and settlers. However, these works are important sources that reveal how the land, circumstances and people of Australia evolved in the thoughts and imagination of the people who lived there or visited it. They show how Australian literature came to be written and the early influences on this body of writing. The ballads of the convicts and the bush songs belong more to a period when Australian literature began to be an institution in itself. Periodicals like the Bulletin, which started publication in 1880, were part of this trend. The ballads and bush songs, which had earlier been mostly part of the folk tradition, now becamp@of the literary tradition. Writers began to consciously cultivate and develop the forms, themes and figures of the oral ballads and bush songs. 'Banjo' Patterson belongs to this school of writing. 'Waltzing Matilda' a ballad about a swagman - a travelling farm worker in the Australian outback - has become to many Australians of European descent, a kind of unofficial national anthem. This is in part because it An htr@duclionto Australian captures the spirit of surviving in a harsh landscape, the pioneering spirit as well as a bold attitude to life and the authorities. Literature in Australia developed and began to take on many other forms such as the popular short story, the literary version of the fire,side yam. Henry Laws011 and Barbara Bayntou were prominent short story writers who contributed greatly to the growth and development of this genre during this formative stage. Their writing captured features of the growth of the Australian cultural myths of the Bush and its people. The Erardships and spirit of the European settlers and bush people during the pioneering days finds expression in their work. At this early stage of development it was but natural that the writers who were mainly from alnollg the British settlers would-bring to their writing the values and forms of the British traditions of literature. In this sense, early Australian literature was constantly looking over its shoulder at England. This soon developed into a source of tension as some writers felt that the best direction for Australian literature was to follow and maintain British traditions of great literature. Others felt that as Australia was so different from Englar~:! that it should cut the umbilical cord from the inother couiltry and develop an identity of its own as a nation and this should be reflected in Australian literature. Australian history and literature do reveal the many tensions that have gone into the making of the Australian nation. These are : the tension between the old country of England, the lnetropolitan c,oIonial centre and the new country of Australia on the antipodean margins of the British Empire; he tension between the settlers and the indigenous Aborigines; the tension between early waves of settlers and more recent immigrants; the tension between the old language, images and literary forms of British literature and the idiom, images and literary forms taking root in the new environment of Australia. All these tensions shaped the themes and forms of Australian literature. As in much of the rest of the English speaking world, in Australia the first halfof the twentieth century saw the genre of poetry being more popular and the second half saw the nov~elrising to prominence. A.D. Hope and Judith Wrigbt are the canonical figures of Australian poe,try during its heyday. Patrick White, Australia's Nobel Prize laureate, is probably the best know11 and most taught of Australia's novelists. Their writing began to move away from both a purely derivative imitation of European forms as well as a focus on the people and mores of the Rush. Modem Australia, of the cities began to figure more distinctly in their writing. As the face of the Australian nation began to change, its literature began to reflect that change. Writers like Kath Walker, Mudrooroo, Kevin Gilbert and Sally Morgan have brought the poetry, drama and stories of the Aboriginal peoples to the forefront. There has also been a trend towards autobiographies, biographies and life-stories gaining more and more popularity. The multicultural is^^^ that is being promoted at a political level is being reflected in the diverse voices being heard in the realm of Australian literature. Today there are more women, Aborigines, irmigrants whose voices join the exciting confluence that is Australian literature. --.- 1.2 PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION Havirig briefly introduced Australian literature is let us look at some of the problems associated with trying to answer the question: "What is .4ustralian literature?'How do we define Australian literature? This is not an easy task as different people have different definitions of it in different contexts. The difficulty of defining 'Australian literature' is connected to the problems of giving clear simple definitions to the terms 'Australian' and 'literature', both separately and together. 'The reasons why these difficulties arise <irebecause the rneaning of these terms keep on changing with time Australian Literatul I and with differer rt contexts. Many people talce it for granted that literature should be studied with "the 'nation' as a primary context and framework of referenceW(Bennettand Strauss, 1). One of the important reascms for this is that the nature and themes of literature are influenced by, and in turn infiiaence contemporary social and political realities. Since for a long time, the cate:gary of the 'nation' has been seen as a unit in social, political, cultural and historica" terms, the study of literature has been linked to it. The study of literature has, thus become deeply related to the way national identity is created and presented. The nature of both the 'nation' and the literary storytelling or 'narration' connected tc~it, are ~onstantlychanging. The definitions and content of both the nation and i'cs literature change as social and political conditions change, demanding similar changes in the way both are presented. This situation is seen in the case of 'Australian literature' as well. In their introduction to The Oxford Literary History of Australia, the editors Bruce Bennett and Jennifer Strauss make a comment about the wide and changing range in the presentation of Australia in its literature. According to them the irnages of the country includes many things. There are images from an Aboriginal Dreaming describing how the world came into existence according to Aboriginal folklore. There are the pre-discovery European imaginings of Australia as Terra Austr~ilisIncognita - an empty and unknown land. There are also experiences recorded by early settlers, which vary from paradisiacal to purgatorial. More recently the literature has also revealed shifts rrom the sense of a 'white Australia' or Australia for Australians of Western Europe to the more recent notion of Australia as 'part of Asia'. Many of these representations operate at times well beyond the confines of the 'national'. (4-5) The land now known as Australia had been occupied for several thousands of years before the British invasion and eventual colonization of the island continent. Often, that past of theland and the peoples who lived there before the .colonizers came, is hidden when Australian history and literature is presented as having its 'beginnings' only in the past two hundred years during which the colonizers have been there. This way of presenting Australian lzistory and literature was connected to the legal misrepresentation of the Australian land as being terra nullius - an 'empty land' that could therefore be claimed and legally possessed by the.colonizers without any consideration for any earlier claims by Aborigines who lived there before. This kind of presentation of the civilization, culture and contribution of the Aborigines as not existing, was a colonial act that for a long time left the Aborigines outside or on the margins of discussions of Australia as a nation.