CAPITAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD Impact of Workplace Bullying on Workplace Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Negative Affectivity and Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control by Samiullah A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Management & Social Sciences Department of Management Sciences 2019 i Copyright c 2019 by Samiullah All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the author. ii Dedicated to my Mother, whose prayers enabled me to have success in all spheres of life CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL Impact of Workplace Bullying on Workplace Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Negative Affectivity and Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control by Samiullah (MMS163033) THESIS EXAMINING COMMITTEE S. No. Examiner Name Organization (a) External Examiner Dr. Nadeem Talib NUML, Islamabad (b) Internal Examiner Dr. Sajid Bashir CUST, Islamabad (c) Supervisor Dr. Mueen Aizaz Zafar CUST, Islamabad Dr. Mueen Aizaz Zafar Thesis Supervisor May, 2019 Dr. Sajid Bashir Dr. Arshad Hassan Head Dean Dept. of Management Sciences Faculty of Management & Social Sciences May, 2019 May, 2019 iv Author's Declaration I, Samiullah hereby state that my MS thesis titled \Impact of Workplace Bul- lying on Workplace Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Negative Affectivity and Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control" is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad or anywhere else in the country/abroad. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation, the University has the right to withdraw my MS Degree. (Samiullah) Registration No: MMS163033 v Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in this thesis titled \Impact of Workplace Bullying on Workplace Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Negative Affectivity and Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control" is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been dully acknowl- edged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Capital University of Science and Technology towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of MS Degree, the University reserves the right to with- draw/revoke my MS degree and that HEC and the University have the right to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized work. (Samiullah) Registration No: MMS163033 vi Acknowledgements Thanks to Almighty Allah for blessing me with wisdom and strength to complete the dissertation. Being the MS graduate at Capital University of Science and Technology has been a magnificent as well as challenging experience to me. During the degree, I have found influential guidelines in shaping my academic career. Here is a humble tribute to all those people. I would like to pay the profound regards to Dr. Mueen Aizaz Zafar, Dr. Sajid Bashir (Head, Department of Management and Social Sciences), Dr. Ar- shad Hassan (Dean, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences) for providing a healthy learning environment. Essentially, I am highly indebted to the esteemed Dr. Mueen Aizaz Zafar for his irreplaceable supervision and for providing the indispensable knowledge to accomplish the degree. Moreover, I would like to convey the high regards to Mr. Hafiz Muhammad Tayyab Farooqui for his constant motivation and lessons of high morale. (Samiullah) Registration No: MMS163033 vii Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Workplace Bullying on Workplace Deviant Behaviors of employees working in different public sector organizations of Pakistan. The study also tested the mediating role of Negative Affectivity in the given relationship between Workplace Bullying and Workplace Deviant Behaviors. This study also explored the moderating role of Internal Locus of Control between the relationship of \Workplace Bullying and Negative Affectiv- ity". Data was collected from 167 individuals, employed in different public sector organizations, through convenience sampling technique. Workplace Bullying was found to have a positive and significant relationship with Workplace Deviant Be- haviors. Negative Affectivity was also found to have a significant mediating effect in the relationship of workplace bullying and workplace deviant behaviors as de- picted by the results. Results of the study also showed that internal locus of control was moderating the relationship between workplace bullying and negative affectivity in such a way that it weakens the relationship. The study has its limi- tations as it was conducted with a small sample size, and cross sectional method was applied for data collection. Future researchers should use a larger sample size within longitudinal time frame of data collection for the research. The findings of the study offer useful insight for the management of public sector organizations to curb the tendency of workplace bullying. Keywords: Workplace bullying, Negative affectivity, Workplace deviant behaviors, Internal locus of control, Public sector, Affective event the- ory (AET). Contents Author's Declaration iv Plagiarism Undertakingv Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xii 1 Introduction1 1.1 Background...............................1 1.2 Gap Analysis..............................5 1.3 Problem Statement...........................7 1.4 Research Questions...........................9 1.5 Research Objectives...........................9 1.6 Significance of this Study........................ 10 1.6.1 Theoretical Significance.................... 10 1.6.2 Practical Significance...................... 10 1.6.3 Contextual Significance..................... 11 1.7 Supporting Theory........................... 11 1.8 Key Terms and Definitions....................... 12 1.8.1 Workplace Bullying....................... 12 1.8.2 Workplace Deviant Behavior.................. 12 1.8.3 Negative Affectivity....................... 12 1.8.4 Internal Locus of Control.................... 13 2 Literature Review 14 2.1 Workplace Bullying and Workplace Deviant Behavior........ 14 2.2 Mediating Role of Negative Affectivity between Workplace Bullying and Workplace Deviant Behaviors... 21 2.3 Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control................................. 26 viii ix 2.4 Theoretical Model............................ 30 2.5 Research Hypothesis.......................... 30 3 Research Methodology 31 3.1 Research Design............................. 31 3.1.1 Study Type........................... 31 3.1.2 Study Setting.......................... 32 3.1.3 Time Horizon.......................... 32 3.1.4 Research Interference...................... 32 3.1.5 Unit of Analysis......................... 32 3.1.6 Data Collection Process.................... 32 3.2 Population and Sampling........................ 33 3.2.1 Population............................ 33 3.2.2 Sample and Procedures..................... 33 3.3 Scales.................................. 34 3.3.1 Workplace Bullying....................... 34 3.3.2 Negative Affectivity....................... 35 3.3.3 Workplace Deviant Behaviors................. 35 3.3.4 Internal Locus of Control.................... 35 3.4 Measures................................. 36 3.5 Reliability................................ 36 3.6 Data Analysis Procedure........................ 37 3.7 Sample Characteristics......................... 37 4 Data Analysis and Results 39 4.1 Descriptive Statistics.......................... 39 4.2 Correlation Analysis.......................... 40 4.3 Control Variables............................ 42 4.4 Regression Analysis........................... 42 5 Discussion, Theoretical and Practical Implications, Limitations, Recommendations and Conclusion 47 5.1 Discussion................................ 47 5.1.1 Discussion On Research Question No. 1........... 48 5.1.2 Discussion on Research Question No. 2............ 51 5.1.3 Discussion on Research Question No. 3............ 54 5.2 Implications and Recommendations.................. 57 5.2.1 Theoretical Implications.................... 57 5.2.2 Practical Implications..................... 58 5.3 Limitations............................... 60 5.4 Future Research Directions....................... 61 5.5 Conclusion................................ 62 Bibliography 63 x Appendix-I 78 List of Figures 2.1 Research model for Impact of Workplace Bullying on Workplace Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Negative Affectivity and Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control............. 30 xi List of Tables 3.1 Scale Reliabilities............................. 37 3.2 Respondents' demographic characteristics............... 38 4.1 Descriptive Statistics (Minimum, Maximum, Mean and Standard Deviation)................................ 40 4.2 Correlations................................ 41 4.3 Control variables (ONE WAY ANOVA)...............