A TOOLKIT Innovation in Journalism Through Engagement Design In our quest to find ways to make journalism more interactive and engaging, the JoLT team at American University concluded that the design principles that make gaming so captivating and lucrative can be applied to the challenges facing the news industry. DECEMBER 2017 JOLT: A TOOKIT 1 I. The engagement challenge for news A unique group of professionals, students, ac- ademics and experts at American University’s School of Communication in Washington, D.C., asked this question: Can game-design tech- niques deepen reader engagement in news? We say yes. But arriving at that answer wasn’t easy. For some participants, the exploration meant letting go of the limitations of various profes- sional cultures -- let’s just say game designers and journalists don’t think the same way. For others, it meant learning new ways of viewing, talking about and measuring success. For all, it meant embracing the ways game design tech- niques could build interaction, verification, feedback and trust into journalism. We followed several paths over the three years it took to reach our conclusions. Through a generous grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, we pulled together a team that included three student Fellows earning a Master’s in Game Design and six Professional Fellows, some from major media companies. We embedded team members in several Washington-area newsrooms; we staged con- ferences and workshops; we developed digital experience an event, discover solutions, create and live games; and we held a NewsJam in empathy or learn skills. Florida with the University of Miami, challeng- But most important, games put the user in ing teams to produce a handful of news-related the center of the story, reward learning, and are games during the three-day event. inherently engaging. Engagement design is something that news- rooms need to take more seriously, especially Enter Engagement Design as a way to attract and retain younger audienc- es, says Anika Gupta, a product manager who We call the result of our efforts “engagement has worked on community-focused products. design.” Engagement design goes beyond “Being able to participate in news is a huge newsgames. While the term “games” tends loyalty driver,” she says. “You are dealing with to elicit a dismissive response in the news a niche audience that wants to interact.” industry, the concepts behind games are not only serious, but share many intentions with journalism. How Engagement Design Helps Games are not just about fun. Games can News serve certain kinds of storytelling better than traditional journalistic forms. Games give us Anyone in the news business already knows the the opportunity to play with systems. They challenges. At the Oct. 20-22, 2017, NewsJam at give us a safe space to embrace ambiguity the University of Miami, Gupta asked the young and to take risks. They offer a playful way to participants to name the positive attributes of NewsPark, 2015 2 JOLT: A TOOKIT games. The answers flew. Games build engage- handwritten lists of charities, shared his prog- ment! Foster community! Invite participation! ress on stories, and asked readers for tips that She asked the same question about journalism. guided his work. That investigation, in part, She was met with silence. garnered him the Pulitzer Prize. Journalists should know they have work to do. Although experiments are ongoing, we have • Shares information about your readers -- identified several areas where engagement and your content. “Game designers are experience designers. While Newsrooms also can gain insight about their constituents by understanding how those users readers read, and viewers watch, game players interact with the content. “We can tell editors, ‘this is how people are engage. Sometimes, experiencing the story is perceiving your stories, and this is how you more persuasive and impactful.” can adjust them to better meet their needs,’” LINDSAY GRACE, DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY GAME LAB says Lindsay Grace, the founding director of the American University Game Lab and Studio. design thinking already has been effective. This Newsrooms can post a problem within a game, report outlines those ideas and best practices and readers’ game play can help build a data- for the newsroom. base, parse a document dump, identify a place or person or detect fake news. In playing our game Factitious, for example, Engagement design: users learn to identify red flags about fake news. The way users play the game reveals how • Builds trust by sharing your sources and the source, headlines and article format sig- data, and letting users interact with them. nal veracity. For each article, we can see how many people understood or misunderstood the News organizations are facing growing is- article as real or fake, how long they took to sues of trust and transparency, as traditional make the decision, and at what point they were audiences turn to niche sources that tend to convinced either way. reaffirm their beliefs. A recent study by the Media Insight Project shows that readers’ trust • Provides a better way to tell some kinds of in content is determined more by who shares stories. a story than by who creates it. That means that a story passed on by a Facebook friend Games and interactives can be better than tra- can trump CNN. This phenomenon is further ditional linear narratives for some kinds of sto- complicated because more and more people ries. Games and interactive visualizations can are encountering news in their social media more concretely explain complex systems such feeds, where there is less context to help de- as the health care system, global warming and termine credibility. conflict negotiation by allowing users to make Our experiments with game-inspired engage- choices, tweak inputs and see the outcomes. ment design suggest that individuals who see Allowing the user to simulate an experience or how a story is made, analyze it -- even contrib- view an issue from an unfamiliar perspective ute to it -- are more likely to trust it and engage. can create empathy and understanding. When users can see data, explore, manipulate “Games allow the audience to participate in and play with the elements, they can draw the news,” says Melissa Bell, the publisher at their own conclusions. Vox Media. “That old saying: ‘Walk around in “Anything that’s really interactive really someone else’s shoes?’ Games let you do that heightens the users’ level of trust. It becomes – and how much better is your understanding a two-way conversation,” says Joey Marburger, when you do?” the head of product for The Washington Post. Games can engagingly convey new informa- All these factors help build trust and create tion or teach skills, such as how to distinguish engagement. As Washington Post reporter fake news from real news, or what to do if you David Farenthold investigated Donald Trump’s are detained at immigration. Our Commuter philanthropic history, he posted images of his Challenge game produced in collaboration with JOLT: A TOOKIT 3 NPR-member station WAMU allowed players What They Do For a Living?” to learn about the challenges faced by differ- Chris Chester, WAMU’s audience editor, said ent communities when the Washington, D.C., that in 2016, Hearken stories accounted for the Metro is closed for repairs. No. 2, 3, 4, and 10 top-viewed stories by unique page views. By August, Hearken-sourced sto- • Transforms your audience into participants ries were No. 5, 6, and 10. and contributors. Games can be used to crowdsource informa- “Anything that’s really interactive really heightens tion, involve readers, and organize their feed- the users’ level of trust. It becomes a two-way back, which can be helpful in analyzing huge amounts of information such as a WikiLeaks conversation,” upload. The British news site The Guardian JOEY MARBURGER, HEAD OF PRODUCT FOR THE WASHINGTON POST. involved about 20,000 readers in just three days to help analyze 170,000 documents about On WAMU’s What’s With Washington, “even politicians’ expenses. The key, developer the worst-performing of those Hearken-sourced Simon Willison told Nieman Lab, was not only stories registered about 10 times the unique to make it feel like a narrative with characters’ page views of a typical story,” Chester says. mugshots, but also like a competitive game. “It’s a force-multiplier for sure.” Other examples of the successful use of gaming techniques include the way Pandora’s “name-that-tune” game adds to a database of music or how Ingress and Pokemon Go players II. Why game-design on a digital scavenger hunt submit photos and GPS data that can help map an under-articulat- thinking works ed area – and build another game. “Games are good at creating loyalty,” Gupta Engagement design applies game-design tech- says. “If you show people the news, they trust niques to keeping people interested in content, it more. If they can participate, they are more putting users at the center of the design pro- likely to stay involved.” cess, leading them through difficult informa- tion to create an experience that makes them • Provides evidence that this type of format want to explore, respond and share. works. “Game designers are experience designers,” says Grace of AU’s Game Lab. “While readers Stories that originate through audience en- read, and viewers watch, game players engage. gagement are top performers, trust-builders Sometimes, experiencing the story is more and subscription generators. Involving the user persuasive and impactful.” drives engagement. News organizations can certainly admire Hearken, a platform that helps news organi- the statistics cited by the game industry: U.S. zations collect questions their audience would consumers in 2015 spent $16.5 billion on game like to see a reporter answer, boasts that the re- content, spending more than 3 billion hours sulting stories tend to be more relevant, share- every week playing digital games.