Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2003 The Virtuoso Cellist-Composers from Luigi Boccherini to David Popper: A Review of Their Lives and Works Evgeni Dimitrov Raychev Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC THE VIRTUOSO CELLIST-COMPOSERS FROM LUIGI BOCCHERINI TO DAVID POPPER: A REVIEW OF THEIR LIVES AND WORKS By EVGENI DIMITROV RAYCHEV A Treatise submitted to the School of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Music Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2003 Copyright © 2003 Evgeni Raychev All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the treatise of Evgeni Dimitrov Raychev, defended on December 9th, 2002. Lubomir Georgiev Professor Directing Treatise Carolyn Bridger Outside Committee Member Phillip Spurgeon Committee Member Bruce Holzman Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members To my wife iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This treatise would not have been completed without the help and support of a number of people. I would like to thank cordially the staff of Strozier Library for their kindness and patience in assisting me with the requested items on my countless visits. Associated with them, I would like to thank all of the United States libraries that let me borrow rare and valuable music scores and recordings through the Interlibrary Loan service. With deep appreciation I would like to thank all of my committee members: Prof. Lubomir Georgiev, Prof. Phillip Spurgeon, Dr. Carolyn Bridger, and Prof. Bruce Holzman, for their effort, time, kindness and respect in working with me not only with my treatise, but also and especially during the pursuit of my degrees at Florida State University. With a sincere respect I shall oblige myself to recognize numerous faculty members at FSU and especially my dear cello professors: Lubomir Georgiev from the FSU School of Music and Zdravko Yordanov from the Bulgarian Academy of Music in Sofia, Bulgaria, for their devotion in teaching, love, and patience, as well as for their respect and honest friendship. Lastly and most importantly, I would like to express my profound appreciation and gratitude of no-words to my loving wife, Jen. Not only for her motivation, encouragement and trust, or for her constant attempt in trying to put up with my obstinacy in language discrepancies, but simply for her good heart and true love. I shall also oblige myself to convey my deep reverence and silent thankfulness to my dear parents. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Index of Musical Examples ……………………………………………………………... vii List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………... ix Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………... x INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………... 1 VIRTUOSO CELLIST-COMPOSERS 1. Luigi Boccherini ……………………………………………………………... 6 a. The Concertos ……………………………………………………... 8 b. Works ……………………………………………………………... 13 2. Jean Louis Duport ……………………………………………………... 14 a. Essai sur le doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l’archet ……... 16 b. Works for cello (including some chamber works) ……………... 20 3. Bernhard Heinrich Romberg ……………………………………………... 21 a. The Concertos ……………………………………………………... 23 b. Works for cello (including some chamber works) ……………... 26 4. Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer ……………………………………………... 28 a. The Studies ……………………………………………………... 31 b. Works for cello (including some chamber works) ……………... 32 5. Friedrich August Kummer ……………………………………………... 35 a. Ten Melodious Etudes Op. 57 ……………………………………... 36 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 38 6. Adrien François Servais ……………………………………………………... 40 a. Six Caprices Op.11 ……………………………………………... 44 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 46 v 7. Auguste Franchomme ……………………………………………………... 48 a. Études Op. 35 and Twelve Caprices Op. 7 ……………………... 50 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 53 8. Alfredo Piatti ……………………………………………………………... 54 a. Twelve Caprices Op. 25 ……………………………………………... 55 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 59 9. Georg Eduard Goltermann ……………………………………………... 60 a. The Concertos ……………………………………………………... 61 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 63 10. Friedrich Wilhelm Grützmacher ……………………………………………... 66 a. Twenty-Four Etudes Op. 38 ……………………………………... 68 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 71 11. Karl Yulyevich Davidov ……………………………………………………... 73 a. Violoncello Method ……………………………………………... 76 b. Works for cello (including some chamber works) ……………... 78 12. David Popper ……………………………………………………………... 79 a. High School of Cello Playing Op. 73 ……………………………... 81 b. Works for cello ……………………………………………………... 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………... 86 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ……………………………………………………………... 91 vi INDEX OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES Ex. 1 - Boccherini, L. Cello Concerto in G Major, G 480, 3rd mvt., Allegro ……………... 10 Ex. 2 - Boccherini, L. Cello Concerto in A Major, G 475, 1st mvt., Allegro ……………... 11 Ex. 3 - Boccherini, L. Cello Sonata in A Major, G 13, 1st mvt., Allegro ……………... 11 Ex. 4 - Boccherini, L. Cello Concerto in B-flat Major, G 482, 3rd mvt., Rondo ……... 11 Ex. 5 - Boccherini, L. Duet for two violins in F Major, G 57, 3rd mvt., Tempo di Minuetto ……………………………………………………………... 12 Ex. 6 - Boccherini, L. Cello Concerto in C Major, G 477, 1st mvt., Allegro ……………... 12 Ex. 7 - Boccherini, L. Cello Concerto in D Major, G 478, 1st mvt. ……………………... 12 Ex. 8 - Example for Duport’s fingering ……………………………………………... 17 Ex. 9 - Duport, J. L. Etude No. 6 in G Major ……………………………………………... 19 Ex. 10 - Romberg, B. Cello Concerto No. 2, Op. 3, III mvt. Fandango ……………... 24 Ex. 11 - Romberg, B. Cello Concerto No. 7, Op. 44 in C major, I mvt. Allegro poco maestoso ……………………………………………………... 25 Ex. 12 - Romberg, B. Concertino Op. 51, in D Minor, III mvt. Rondo ……………... 25 Ex. 13 - Dotzauer, F. Violoncell-Flageolett-Schule ……………………………………... 30 Ex. 14 - Dotzauer, F. Twenty-Four Exercises for the Violoncello, Etude No. 21 in A-flat Major ……………………………………………………... 32 Ex. 15 - Kummer, F. Ten Melodious Etudes, Op. 57, Etude No. 1 ……………………... 38 Ex. 16 - Servais, A. Le Désir, Op. 4 ……………………………………………………... 42 Ex. 17 - Servais, A. Le barbier de Séville, Op. 6 ……………………………………... 43 Ex. 18 - Servais, A. La fille du régiment, variation III, Andantino ……………………... 43 Ex. 19 - Servais, A. Six Caprices Op.11, Caprice No. 3 in A-flat Minor ……………... 45 Ex. 20 - Servais, A. Six Caprices Op.11, Caprice No. 3 in A-flat Minor ……………... 45 Ex. 21 - Franchomme, A. Capriccios Op. 7, Capriccio No. 9 in B Minor ……………... 51 Ex. 22 - Franchomme, A. Capriccios Op. 7, Capriccio No. 8 in E Major ……………... 52 vii Ex. 23 - Franchomme, A. Études Op. 35, Etude No. 10 in E Major ……………………... 52 Ex. 24 - Piatti, A. Capriccio, Op. 25, No. 7 in C Major ……………………………... 56 Ex. 25 - Piatti, A. Capriccio, Op. 25, No. 4 in D Minor ……………………………... 57 Ex. 26 - Piatti, A. Capriccio, Op. 25, No. 4 in D Minor ……………………………... 58 Ex. 27 - Goltermann, J. Cello Concerto, No.1, Op. 14, in A Minor, I mvt. ……………... 62 Ex. 28 (a-c) - Goltermann, J. Cello Concerto, No.1, Op. 14, in A Minor, I mvt. ……... 62 Ex. 29 - Grützmacher, F. Twenty-Four Etudes, Op. 38, Etude No. 4 ……………... 70 Ex. 30 - Grützmacher, F. Twenty-Four Etudes, Op. 38, Etude No. 24 ……………... 70 Ex. 31 - Davidov, Cello Concerto, No 2, Op 14, in A Minor, I mvt. ……………………... 75 Ex. 32 - Davidov, K. Cello Concerto, No 2, Op. 14, in A Minor, I mvt. ……………... 75 Ex. 33 - Davidov, K. Cello Concerto, No 1, Op. 5, in B Minor ……………………... 76 Ex. 34 - Davidov, K. Cello Concerto, No 1, Op. 5, in B Minor ……………………... 76 Ex. 35 - Popper, D. High School of Cello Playing Op. 73, Etude No. 22 ……………... 82 Ex. 36 - Popper, D. High School of Cello Playing Op. 73, Etude No. 19 “Lohengrin” ……………………………………………………... 82 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS n. d. No Data NGD2 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd Ed. London: Macmillan, 2001 SAT Self-Accompanying Technique ix ABSTRACT In the course of their study, student cellists spend hours of practicing standard cello repertoire that includes etudes, caprices, character pieces, sonatas, and various concertos. Almost exclusively, the composers of these compositions were remarkable performers and played prominent roles in the musical life of their time. The role of the cello until the middle of the eighteenth century was primarily that of a basso continuo instrument and gifted cellists were obliged to compose their own works in order to fully display the technical and expressive qualities of the instrument. Without scruples, virtuoso cellists arranged violin pieces for their own use, and while observing the marvelous technique of the violin masters, they tried to emulate every possible manner of violin playing that seemed attractive and applicable to the cello. In their musical endeavors, student cellists often take for granted the efforts that the eighteenth and nineteenth-century virtuosos made towards perfecting the art of violoncello playing. As a result, many of the works of the great masters on the cello became forgotten, and students have at best a dim knowledge of the life and times of those composers. The purpose of this treatise is to compile a list of brief biographies of those cello virtuosos who were also prominent composers in their time, to discuss the cello works that have preserved their pedagogical value, and to supply a list of the composers’ cello compositions. The span of time comprises about a century starting with the