After Autarchy: Male Subjectivity from Carlo Emilio Gadda to the Gruppo 63 by Rebecca Ruth Falkoff A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Italian Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Barbara Spackman, Chair Professor Albert Ascoli Professor Mia Fuller Professor Harsha Ram Professor Alessia Ricciardi Spring 2012 Abstract After Autarchy: Male Subjectivity from Carlo Emilio Gadda to the Gruppo ‘63 by Rebecca Ruth Falkoff Doctor of Italian Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Barbara Spackman, Chair After Autarchy: Male Subjectivity from Carlo Emilio Gadda to the Gruppo ‘63 traces an indirect but enduring legacy of Italian fascism in models of male subjectivity and literature in writing by Carlo Emilio Gadda and two members of the short-lived, loose-knit, but nonetheless influential literary association, the Gruppo ’63: Giorgio Manganelli and Luigi Malerba. As critics have noted, experimentalist writers of the 1960s find an aesthetic ideal in Gadda because of his baroque stylistics, particularly the use of digressive narrative trajectories and a multiplicity of languages, dialects, and registers in ways incongruous with linguistic realism. The dissertation raises the stakes of these stylistic affinities between Gadda and the writers he inspires by drawing parallels between his autarchic writings and theories of subjectivity and aesthetics that emerge from his fiction, as well as texts by Manganelli and Malerba. “Autarchy” refers to the period of relative isolation and economic autonomy of fascist Italy following the 1935 invasion of Ethiopia and the sanctions imposed by the League of Nations in response to the attack on the member nation. The introduction studies autarchic discourse to isolate a tension between a scarcity of raw materials and an abundance resulting from reproductivity and various forms of productivity. I propose that this tension comes to bear critical—and critically imbricated—economic, sexual, and aesthetic implications. The first chapter argues that the nexus of contradictions that characterize the period of economic autarchy is central to the work of Gadda, whose gradual transformation from engineer to writer equilibrates in a series of popular essays that explain scientific and technical strategies to foster Italian economic self-sufficiency. I locate Gadda’s changing affect with regards to autarchy in his representations of various systems along with the exclusions upon which they are predicated, the waste they produce, and the debris that accumulates at their fringes. The second chapter examines the graphic figurative economy of Manganelli’s Hilarotragoedia (1964), and argues that the treatise sets out autarchic models of literature and male subjectivity. I propose, however, that these models are structured by their own impossibility insofar as they are built upon a series of topoi that themselves forge an intertext—a ‘figaliation’ with Gadda established by similar figurations of a horror of the feminine. Malerba’s understanding of the autonomy of literature, on the other hand, is rooted in an avowal of a tautologcal mode of signification based upon the immediacy of objects. The final chapter considers this semiotic 1 dogma in the context of Il serpente (1966). I argue that by foregrounding collecting and signifying practices that today might fall within the nascent diagnostic category of “hoarding disorder,” the novel necessarily departs from the epistemological foundation of the conventional giallo. With an introductory chapter set during the period of economic autarchy, Malerba’s novel urges the reader to take on a project very much like that of this dissertation: to consider the aesthetic and libidinal legacies of economic autarchy, and to interrogate the historico-political stakes of the dreams of aesthetic autonomy and self-sufficiency that persist long after autarchy. The power of this project is both theoretical and historical: broadening the understanding of autarchy to encompass varied iterations of autonomy, After Autarchy fashions an analogy between autarchic discourse and experimentalist narrative of the 1960s, and poses a challenge to the autonomous subject of enlightenment philosophy. 2 In memory of my grandmother, Fontaine Maury Maverick Falkoff, poet, Italophile, maverick, hoarder. i Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. iv Introduction. After Autarchy: Male Subjectivity from Carlo Emilio Gadda to the Gruppo ‘63 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. After Time Has Been Consumed: Waste, Debris, and the Subject of Autarchy in Gadda ................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter Two. After the Gaze of Another: Sexual and Aesthetic Solidarities of 'Figaliation' in Giorgio Manganelli ................................................................................................... 44 Chapter Three. After the Giallo: Hoarding, Contagion, and the Boundaries of Genre in Luigi Malerba’s Il serpente ................................................................................................................... 78 Conclusion. After Orpheus? Violence and Metaphor from Gadda to the Gruppo '63 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 115 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................ 119 ii List of Figures Figure 1: Outline of Hilarotragoedia. 57 Figure 2. René Magritte, La Trahison des images. 80 Figure 3. Luigi Malerba, “Profili.” 80 Figure 4. Malerba, “Profilo 2.” 83 Figure 5. Magritte, Les Deux mystères. 83 Figure 6. Paul Klee, Angelus Novus. 90 Figure 7. “Too Much Stuff” 92 Figure 8. “Too Much Stuff” 92 iii Acknowledgements Although this dissertation studies forms of autonomy, it could never have been written without the support of a robust community of colleagues, friends, and family: to them I owe a debt that I will never be able to repay. Most of all, I am beholden to my dissertation advisor, Barbara Spackman, who guided me through every step of this project and of my graduate career. Her generous readings and acute comments were essential to the development of the dissertation. Her scholarship is a paradigm of rigorous theoretical engagement, and I feel incredibly fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with so exquisitely original a thinker. I am also extremely grateful to the other members of my dissertation committee, Alessia Ricciardi, Albert Ascoli, Mia Fuller, and Harsha Ram. Alessia has provided a broader perspective on ideas central to the dissertation, ever mindful as she is of their intersections with the ills of contemporary Italy. In addition being an incisive reader of my work, Alessia has become magnanimous mentor and a dear friend. Throughout my career at Berkeley, Albert has been as kind as he is brilliant, and I am grateful for the compassion and the wisdom he has shared. Mia’s careful readings have helped me to maintain a sense of immediacy, and her advice has buoyed me through my graduate career. Harsha has been judicious reader of the dissertation, and I am very thankful for his contributions. I am also fortunate to have worked with a number of other scholars both at Berkeley and at the University of Pennsylvania. The two seminars I took with Kaja Silverman had an enormous influence on my thinking, and led me to consider the theoretical implications of hoarding. A course with Leo Bersani prompted me to reflect on new forms of relationality, and to formulate the critique of the autonomous subject that is central to After Autarchy. At a dissertation workshop offered by Berkeley’s Center for the Study of Sexual Culture, I benefitted from the insights of Katie Horowitz and Daniel Boyarin; the latter coined the term “figaliation” to describe textual ties I explore in chapter two. I am much obliged to my undergraduate advisor, Jean-Michel Rabaté, who transmitted to me a passion for psychoanalysis and literary theory. His comments on an early version of chapter three alerted me to important theoretical questions that are now central to the dissertation. Rebecca West was a sage reader of chapter two, and I am both appreciative of her comments and admiring of her work on Luigi Malerba and Giorgio Manganelli. Jessica Otey’s humanity nourished me in graduate school, and I will remain forever grateful to her for helping me to articulate and structure the ideas of chapter three. Adriana Guarnieri was munificent with her time while visiting Berkeley, meeting with me regularly as I prepared for the qualifying exams. I often marvel at my incredible good fortune to have been part of the lively and supportive Department of Italian Studies at Berkeley, a community of scholars who so thoroughly enjoy each other’s company and value each other’s ideas. When I arrived in Berkeley almost a decade