Department of Science and Technology Studies HPSCG42 Sociology of Science and Technology Course Description and Objectives This course introduces students to a set of concepts that will allow them to understand science and technology as social institutions and systems of knowledge production. It takes a sociological look at the process by which knowledge is collectively produced by communities through historical and contemporary studies. This module also provides an introduction to the main scholars and traditions in the sociology of science and technology. By the end of this module students should: Have an understanding of the way science and technology work as social processes, e.g. the way technical knowledge is produced by communities. Have a detailed knowledge of the main concepts and theories in the sociology of science and technology. Have developed a curiosity about the ways in which societies both influence and are influenced by science and technology. Key Information Session 2016-17 (1st semester). Postgraduate course. Timetable and Lecture Mondays 1pm-2pm Birkbeck Gordon Square (43) 122 Venue Seminar Mondays 2pm-3pm Birkbeck Gordon Square (43) 122 Assessment Analogy Essay (20%) – 1,000 words – 4 Nov.2016, 9pm. Applied Essay (80%) – 4,000 words - 14.Dec 2016, 9pm. Attendance requirement 70% Course tutor and contact Dr Meritxell Ramirez-i-Olle [email protected] Department of Science and Technology Studies, 22 Gordon Square, Room B15 (basement). Office hours Mondays 3-4pm or by appointment Topics and Schedule UCL Lecture Topic and Seminar Reading Dates week (see reading list on Moodle) 1 The Sociological View(s) of Science: the “Strong Programme” 26-27 Sep What is sociological about science? The lecture will introduce the arguments in favour of and against the sociology of scientific knowledge. David Bloor (1991) [1976] “The Strong Programme in the Sociology of Knowledge”, in Knowledge and Social Imagery, Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 3-23. 2 Observation and Interpretation: “Paradigm Shift” 3-4 Oct Why do scientists see different things in nature? The lecture will examine the idea that scientists draw upon different cultural resources to interpret a diverse natural world. Thomas Kuhn (1970) [1962] “Scientific Revolutions as Changes of World-View”, in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 111-136. 3 Experimentation, Testing and Replication: “Experimenter’s 10-11 Oct Regress” What role do experiments and tests play in science? The lecture will look at the ways in which scientists create experiments and draw conclusions from them. Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch (1998) [1993] “A New Window on the Universe: The Non-Detection of Gravitational Radiation”, in The Golem: What You Should Know About Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 91-108. 4 Transmission: “Tacit Knowledge” 17-18 Oct How is scientific knowledge transmitted? The lecture will investigate the conditions by which knowledge can and cannot be shared between individuals. Donald MacKenzie and Graham Spinardi (1995) “Tacit Knowledge, Weapons Design, and the Uninvention of Nuclear Weapons”, American Journal of Sociology, 101, 1: 44-99. 5 Representations and Performances: “Inscription Devices” 24-25 Oct How do scientists represent what they know? The lecture will inspect the work involved in producing scientific objects and the effects of these representations. Bruno Latour (1986) [1976] “An Anthropologist visits the Laboratory”, in Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, N.J; Chichester: Princeton University Press: 43-88. 6 The Laboratory and Places of Knowledge: “Epistemic Culture” 31 Oct – 1 Nov Where does science take place? The lecture will explore the laboratory as the main place where scientists generate knowledge. Karin Knorr-Cetina (1999) “From Machines to Organisms: Detectors as Behavioural and Social Beings”, in Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge, Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University: 111-135. 7 Reading Week 7 Nov 8 Professional Ideologies: “Boundary Work” 14-15 Nov Why is science special? The lecture will look at the specialisation of scientists as a professional group. Thomas Gieryn (1983) ‘‘Boundary Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists”, American Sociological Review, 48: 781- 795. 9 Gender and Racial Ideologies: “Situated Knowledges” 21-22 Nov How do social understandings of gender and race affect scientific knowledge? The lecture will evaluate the institutional factors that exclude knowledge from women and non-European groups. Donna Haraway (1988) “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective”, Feminist Studies, 14, 3: 575-599. 10 Networks of Reputation and Credit: “Matthew Effect” 28-29 Nov What motivates scientists to do science? The lecture will consider the system of rewards and the political economy of science. Robert K. Merton (1968) “The Matthew Effect in Science”, Science, Vol. 159, Nom. 3810. 11 The Proliferation of Experts: “Citizen Science” 5-6 Dec Who else knows about the world? The lecture will inspect the groups who compete for or complement scientific authority and their strategies and sources of knowledge. Epstein, Steven (1995) “The construction of lay expertise: AIDS activism and the forging of credibility in the reform of clinical trials”, Science, Technology, and Human Values, 20: 408-437. 12 Wrap-Up Session 12-13 Dec Additional Sources See lecture notes on Moodle for recommendations on specific readings for each session. Barnes, Barry (1972) Sociology of Science: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Barnes, Barry (1974) Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Barnes, Barry, Bloor, David and Henry, John (1996) Scientific Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press. Barnes, Barry and Edge, David (eds) (1982) Science in Context: Readings in the Sociology of Science. Milton Keynes: Open UP. Biagioli, Mario and Galison, Peter (eds) (1999) The Science Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. Collins, Harry M. and Pinch, Trevor (2005) Dr. Golem: How to Think about Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Collins, Harry M. and Pinch, Trevor (1998) [1993] The Golem: What You Should Know about Science (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England; New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. Collins, Harry M. and Pinch, Trevor (2014) [1998] The Golem at Large: What You Should Know about Technology (6th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fleck, Ludwig (1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fox Keller, Evelyn (1985) Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven: Yale UP. Gilbert, Nigel and Mulkay, Michael (1984) Opening Pandora's box: A sociological analysis of scientists' discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Golinski, Jan (1998) Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Gooding, David, Pinch, Trevor and Schaffer, Simon (eds) (1989) The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Hackett, Edward et al. (2008) The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Haraway, Donna (1997) Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience. New York: Routledge. Harding, Sandra (2008) Sciences From Below: Feminisms, Postcolonialisms and Modernities. Jasanoff, Sheila et al. (1995) The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London: Sage Publications. Knorr-Cetina, Karin and Mulkay, Michael (eds) (1983) Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. London: Sage. Latour, Bruno (2005) Reassembling the Social: an Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Latour, Bruno (1987) Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Law, John (ed.) (1991) A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination. London: Routledge. Law, John, Callon, Michel and Rip, Arie (1986). Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Law, John; Mol, Annemarie (2002). Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. Lynch, Michael (1993) Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. MacKenzie, Donald and Wajcman, Judy (eds) (1999) [1985] The Social Shaping of Technology. Buckingham England: Open University Press 2nd ed. 2nd edition. Merton, Robert (1973) The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press. Mol, Annemarie (2002). The body multiple: ontology in medical practice. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press Mulkay, Michael (1992) Science and the Sociology of Knowledge. Gregg Revivals. Pickering, Andy (1995). The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Pickering, Andy (ed.) (1992) Science as Practice and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shapin, Steven (1998) “Placing the View from Nowhere: Historical and Sociological Problems in the Location of Science”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23 (1): 5-12. Shapin, Steven (1995) “Here and Everywhere: