Plant Formations in the Queenslandian BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind Queenslandian Tropical Rain Forest These are found in patches along the wetter parts of the northeastern coast of Queensland although they only reach their maximum floristic diversity in stands between Cooktown and Ingham. However, because of the complexity of these forests it is difficult to assign broadly recognizable forest types and there is a tendency for certain species, such as Lindsayomyrtus brachyandrus or the endemic Backhousia bancroftii (Myrtaceae) to monopolize the upper canopy of small stands. Nevertheless, these forest support a multitude of other canopy trees including many endemic taxa such as Aceratium doggrellii (Elaeocarpaceae), Agathis atropurpurea (Araucariaceae), Alphitonia whitei (Rhamnaceae), Argyrodendron peralatum (Sterculiaceae), Austromuellera trinervia (Proteaceae), Balanops australiana (Balanopaceae), Beilschmiedia bancroftii (Lauraceae), Blepharocarya involucrigera (Blepharocaryaceae), Canarium muelleri (Burseraceae), Doryphora aromatica (Monimiaceae), Ficus destruens (Moraceae), Flindersia acuminata (Rutaceae), Geissois biagiana (Cunoniaceae), Idiospermum australiense (Idiospermaceae), Sphenostemon lobosporus (Sphenostemonaceae), Toechima daemeliana (Sapindaceae) and Xanthostemon chrystanthus (Myrtaceae). Several tree species, such as Dysoxylum schiffneri, are caulicarpous. At mid canopy level the endemic palm Licuala ramsayi (Arecaceae) is often the main component but other palms such as the endemic Archontophoenix alexandrae or Oraniopsis appendiculata may be present together with tree ferns (mainly species of Cyathea). The ground flora is largely dominated by regenerating trees and shrubs such as the endemic Hodgkinsonia frutescens (Rubiaceae). Vines are also conspicuous with species such as Bambusa moreheadiana, Rhaphidophora australasica and the endemic Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae). Equally, epiphytes are also prolific particularly ferns such as Asplenium australasicum, with fronds up to 50 cm long, the endemic Platycerium superbum (Polypodiaceae) and orchids such as Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium species. Queenslandian ‘Dry’ Rain Forests Evidence of former extensive rain forest in northern Australia comes from the relict occurrences of various rain forest species in semi-arid zones. These can be found in various inland areas of Queensland such as near Injune. Cadellia pentastylis is often the sole dominant but endemic trees such as Brachychiton australis, B. grandiflorus, B. rupestris (Sterculiaceae) and Macropteranthes leichardtii (Combretaceae) may be present in some stands. Shrub layer species, which range in height from 1-3 m, include Alectryon subdentatus, Canthium odoratum, Elaeodendron australis, Geijera parviflora, Heterodendron diversofolium, Notelaea microcarpa, Pittosporum phylliraeoides, Spartothamnella juncea and the endemic Backhousia angustifolia (Myrtaceae) and Hovea longipes (Fabaceae). Lianas are common with species such as Cassus opaca, Jasminum simplicifolium, Parsonia eucalyptophyllum and the endemic Marsdenia microlepis (Apocynaceae), but epiphytes are less so as compared with more typical rainforest but may include the orchid Cymbidium canaliculatum. The herbaceous layer contains grasses such as Ancistrachne uncinulatum, Stipa ramossissima and the sedges Carex inversa and Cyperus gracilis. Queenslandian Ironbark Forest Ironbarks are Eucalyptus species of the sub-genus Symphyomyrtus and distinguished by their deeply furrowed, dark-coloured bark. They usually occupy soils of low fertility and cover large tracts of eastern Queensland from the coast and across the Grand Divide. Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind They are mainly dominated by either the endemic Eucalyptus cullenii or the endemic E. drepanophyllum (Myrtaceae), but factors that delimit these species is not clearly understood and there is considerable overlap in their distributions. Eucalyptus drepanophyllum is the most common species in eastern Queensland extending over vast areas, and in favourable areas it can reach height of 30 m or so. Other associated eucalypts include the endemic E. decorticans and E. whitei. In the under story small trees or shrubs are rare but may include Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Grevillea striata, Hakea lorea, Petalostigma pubescens and the endemic Acacia longispicata (Fabaceae) and Lysicarpus angustifolius (Myrtaceae). At ground level the grass is always dense with species of Bothriocloa ewartiana, Heteropogon contortus and Themeda austalis. Eucalyptus cullenii is less extensive and only dominates small patches on the Cape York Peninsula mainly on the Great Divide. It can reach heights of 12 m. Associate species include other eucalypts such as E. dichromophloia, E. tetrodonta and the endemic E. staigeriana (Myrtaceae). In central Queensland, forest dominated by Angophora costata often forms mosaics and ecotonal associations with ironbark communities. These include various other trees particularly the endemic eucalypts Eucalyptus cloëziana and E. tenuipes and can form a closed canopy up to 30 m high. A small tree or large shrub layer is usually present with species such as Acacia complanata, Grevillea longistyla, Leptospermum attenuatum, Notelaea longifolia and the endemic Acacia flavescens (Fabaceae), Boronia bipinnata (Rutaceae) and Dodonaea vestita. The herbaceous layer, on the other hand, is usually poorly developed with just scattered plants of Cymbopogon refractus and Triodia mitchellii. Queenslandian Box Woodlands These, like ironbark forests, are also dominated by eucalypts of the sub-genus Symphyomyrtus, but box trees are usually distinguished by their small boles. They also tend to occur in dryer areas and occupy a zone, which separates the wetter coastal areas from the arid interior. Some woodland extends to the coast but here they are mainly confined to rain shadow areas. In Queensland they are typically dominated by either Eucalyptus normantonensis or one of the endemic species: E. brownii, E. leptophlebia, E. microneura or E. orgadophila (Myrtaceae). However, these species are all closely related and although they tend to occur in latitudinal sequence there are some overlaps which lead to the intergradation of species and the development of ecotonal associations. In addition to levels of rainfall, soil type also plays a part in their distribution. Eucalyptus leptophlebia and E. microneura, which can reach heights of 15 m, occur on Red and Yellow Earths and have Erythrophleum chlorostachys as a regular associate. Eucalyptus orgadophila forms woodlands up to 16 m high and can be found on either basalt outcrops or Black Earth. Eucalyptus normantonensis forms smaller woodlands up to about 13 m high and are mainly found on alluvial flats, while E. brownii typically occupies lower slopes adjacent to watercourses or in depressions on fine-textured solondized-solonetz soils, but these woodlands are mainly open with trees reaching about 16 m tall. Queenslandian Acacia shirleyi Woodland Woodlands dominated by Acacia shirleyi are characteristic of rocky outcrops and steep slopes mainly in the tropics. Associated trees may include various eucalypts, which in Queensland comprise species such as Eucalyptus citriodora, E. crebra, E. exserta and the endemic E. howittiana (Myrtaceae). Shrubs are usually absent and the herbaceous layer mostly comprises grasses. These include Aristida caputmedusae, Cympopogon refractus and the endemic Cleistochloa subjuncea (Poaceae). Copyright © 2010 Peter Martin Rhind Queenslandian Acacia harpophylla Woodland These woodlands are largely restricted to Queensland and mainly confined to clay soils on flat or undulating terrain. Acacia harpophylla may occur in pure stands with a few under story shrubs such as Carissa ovata. However, it is usually found in association with other trees such as Eucalyptus microtheca, E. populnea, E. thozetiana, Terminalia oblongata or the endemic Eucalyptus cambageana (Myrtaceae). Typical under storey species in the north include the endemic Brachychiton rupestris (Sterculiaceae) and Macroteranthes leichhardtii (Combretaceae). Grasses of the genera Chloris, Paspalidium and Sporobolos usually dominate the ground layer. Queenslandian Cape York Heath and Scrub Sometimes referred to as ‘wet desert’ because of the low stature of this vegetation but occurring in a climate where you would normally expect to find rain forest. However, the soils are nutrient poor and have particularly low levels of phosphorus. The vegetation forms a mosaic of open and closed communities. In open areas there are patches of scrub mainly dominated by Banksia dentata and the endemic Melaleuca saligna (Myrtaceae) and Thryptomene oligandra (Myrtaceae). In other areas they comprise a form of closed heath no more than about 2 m tall dominated by Fenzlia obtusa and Leptospermum fabricia, but also including shrubs like Choriceras tricorne, Jacksonia thesioides, Sinoga lysicephala and the endemic Acacia calyculata (Fabaceae), Boronia bowmanii (Rutaceae), Morinda reticulata (Rubiaceae) and Neoroepera banksii (Picrodendraceae). In the herbaceous layer Schoenus sparteus and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii are the most common species, but also noteworthy is the presence of the three insectivorous plants Byblis liniflora, Nepenthes mirabilis and Utricularia chrysantha. Heath and scrub also replaces rain forest on mountains such as Mount Bellenden-Kev and Mount Finnegan. Here the characteristic species include Agapetes meiniana, the endemic Dracophyllum sayeri (Epacridaceae), Leptospermum