PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FLYOVERS CONSTRUCTED OVER LEVELCROSSINGS IN DHAKA CITY Md. Rakibul Islam MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION) Department of Civil Engineering BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Dhaka, Bangladesh JUNE, 2018 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FLYOVERS CONSTRUCTED OVER LEVELCROSSINGS IN DHAKA CITY A Thesis Submitted to the Department Of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION) by Md. Rakibul Islam Department of Civil Engineering BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Dhaka, Bangladesh JUNE, 2018 ii iii DECLEARATION iv DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my Father Md. Robiul Islam and Mother Fatema Khatun v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLEARATION iv DEDICATION v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF TECHNICAL SYMBOLS AND TERMS xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xvii ABSTRACT xviii CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Motivation of the Study 6 1.3 Objective of the Study 7 1.4 Scope of the Study 7 1.5 Organization of the Thesis 8 1.6 Overview 9 CHAPTER 2 10 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Conceptual Development of Flyovers 10 2.3 Flyover and Its Historical Development 13 2.3.1 Definition of Flyovers 13 2.3.2 Historical Development of Flyovers 14 vi 2.4 Dismantling of Flyovers 17 2.5 Perspective of Flyovers in Bangladesh 21 2.5.1 Demographic Characteristics of Dhaka 21 2.5.2 Transportation System in Dhaka City 24 2.5.3 Emergence of Flyovers in Dhaka 30 2.5.4 Flyovers related Studies in Dhaka 36 2.6 Overview 42 CHAPTER 3 44 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 44 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Selection of the Study Area 44 3.2.1 Mohakhali Flyover 46 3.2.2 Khilgaon Flyover 47 3.2.3 Shaheed Ahsanullah Master Flyover 49 3.2.4 Banani Overpass 51 3.2.5 Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 53 3.2.6 Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 56 3.3 Reconnaissance Survey 59 3.4 Classified Traffic Count at the Studied Flyovers 59 3.5 Speed Measurement at the Studied Flyovers 61 3.5.1 Measurement of Travel Speed 61 3.5.2 Measurement of Free Flow Speed 61 3.6 Queue Length Measurement at the Level Crossings 61 3.7 Secondary Data 63 3.8 Overview 63 vii CHAPTER 4 65 DATA ANALYSES AND RESULTS 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Assessment of Level of Usage of Road Space 65 4.2.1 Mohakhali Flyover 66 4.2.2 Khilgaon Flyover 69 4.2.3 Shaheed Ahsanullah Master Flyover 73 4.2.4 Banani Overpass 77 4.2.5 Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 80 4.2.6 Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 83 4.3 Assessment of Usage of Flyover Space by NMVs and Public Transport 87 4.3.1 Mohakhali Flyover 87 4.3.2 Khilgaon Flyover 91 4.3.3 Shaheed Ahsanullah Master Flyover 94 4.3.4 Banani Overpass 98 4.3.5 Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 101 4.3.6 Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 104 4.4 Assessment of Mobility Condition 108 4.4.1 Mohakhali Flyover 108 4.4.2 Khilgaon Flyover 112 4.4.3 Shaheed Ahsanullah Master Flyover 115 4.4.4 Banani Overpass 118 4.4.5 Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 122 4.4.6 Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 125 4.5 Assessment of Congestion Level and Safety 129 4.5.1 Mohakhali Flyover 130 4.5.2 Khilgaon Flyover 131 viii 4.5.3 Shaheed Ahsanullah Master Flyover 133 4.5.4 Banani Overpass 135 4.5.5 Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 137 4.5.6 Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 139 4.6 Special Investigation 141 4.6.1 Carriageway Deduction Because of Flyover Geometry 141 4.6.2 Shifting Congestion Rather Mitigating 143 4.6.3 No Pedestrian Facility 145 4.6.4 Diminishing Future Scope of Public Transit Oriented Development 145 4.7 Overview 147 CHAPTER 5 148 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 148 5.1 Findings of the Study 148 5.1.1 Findings Related to First Objective 148 5.1.2 Findings Related to Second Objective 149 5.1.3 Findings Related to Third Objective 152 5.1.4 Findings Related to Fourth Objective 153 5.2 Research Contributions 155 5.3 Suggestions 156 5.4 Limitations 161 5.5 Future Research 162 REFERENCES 164 APPENDIX A 178 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Average Trip Length and Journey Speed of Travel Modes in Dhaka. 27 Table 3.1: Descriptive Characteristics of Studied Flyovers 45 Table 4.1: Classified Traffic Count at Mohakhali Flyover (PCUs) 66 Table 4.2: Classified Traffic Count at Khilgaon Flyover (PCUs) 70 Table 4.3: Classified Traffic Count at Ahsanullah Master Flyover (PCUs) 73 Table 4.4: Classified Traffic Count at Banani Overpass (PCUs) 77 Table 4.5: Classified Traffic Count at Jatrabari-Gulistan (PCUs) 81 Table 4.6: Classified Traffic Count at Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover (PCUs) 84 Table 4.7: Percentage of Different Types of Vehicles at Mohakhali Flyover 88 Table 4.8: Proportion of NMVs Travelling Above Grade and At-Grade at Mohakhali Flyover 90 Table 4.9: Percentage of Different Types of Vehicles at Khilgaon Flyover 91 Table 4.10: Proportion of NMVs Travelling Above Grade and At Grade at Khilgaon Flyover 93 Table 4.11: Percentage of Different Types of Vehicles at Ahsanullah Master Flyover 95 Table 4.12: Proportion of NMVs Travelling Above Grade and At-Grade at Ahsanullah Master Flyover 97 Table 4.13: Percentage of Different Types of Vehicles at Banani Overpass 98 Table 4.14: Proportion of NMVs Travelling Above Grade and At-Grade at Banani Overpass 100 Table 4.15: Percentage of Different Types of Vehicles at Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 102 Table 4.16: Proportion of NMVs Travelling Above-Grade and At-Grade at Jatrabari- Gulistan Flyover 103 Table 4.17: Percentage of Different Types of Vehicles at Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 105 Table 4.18: Proportion of NMVs Travelling Above-Grade and At-Grade at Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 107 Table 4.19: Delay Due to Variation of Travel Speed and Free Flow Speed at Mohakhali Flyover 111 x Table 4.20: Delay Due to Variation of Travel Speed and Free Flow Speed at Khilgaon Flyover 114 Table 4.21: Delay Due to Variation of Travel Speed and Free Flow Speed at Ahsanullah Master Flyover 117 Table 4.22: Delay Due to Variation of Travel Speed and Free Flow Speed at Banani Overpass 121 Table 4.23: Delay Due to Variation of Travel Speed and Free Flow Speed at Jatrabari- Gulistan Flyover 124 Table 4.24: Delay Due to Variation of Travel Speed and Free Flow Speed at Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover 128 Table A.1: PCE of Different Types of Vehicles 179 Table A.2: Analysis of Combined Classified Vehicle Count Data (PCU/hr) 180 Table A.3: Analysis of Combined Vehicle Percentage Data (PCU/hr) 181 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Dhaka City Map with Road, Rail and Water Network 22 Figure 2.2: City boundary of Dhaka city over the year. 23 Figure 2.3: Distribution of Modal Share in Dhaka City 26 Figure 2.4: Total Registered Motor Vehicle in Dhaka (Year 2006-2017) 28 Figure 2.5: Propagation of Traffic Congestion over Flyover in Dhaka City. 36 Figure 3.1: Layout of the Mohakhali Flyover with Rail-Road Conflict Point. 47 Figure 3.2: Layout of the Khilgaon Flyover with Rail-Road Conflict Point. 49 Figure 3.3: Layout of the Ahsanullah Master Flyover with Rail-Road Conflict Point. 51 Figure 3.4: Location of the Banani Overpass. 52 Figure 3.5: Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover. 54 Figure 3.6: Location of the Saidabad Level crossing. 55 Figure 3.7: Layout of Moghbazar-Mouchak Flyover. 57 Figure 3.8: Position of six partially grade-separated flyovers in Dhaka city. 58 Figure 4.1: Grade-wise and Temporal Comparison of Vehicle Flow at Mohakhali Flyover 67 Figure 4.2: Comparison of Vehicle Flow on Yearly Basis at Mohakhali Flyover. 68 Figure 4.3: Grade-wise and Temporal Comparison of Vehicle Flow at Khilgaon Flyover 70 Figure 4.4: Comparison of Vehicle Flow on Yearly Basis of Khilgaon Flyover. 72 Figure 4.5: Grade-wise and Temporal Comparison of Vehicle Flow at Ahsanullah Master Flyover 74 Figure 4.6: Comparison of Vehicle Flow on Yearly Basis of Ahsanullah Master Flyover 76 Figure 4.7: Grade-wise and Temporal Comparison of Vehicle Flow at Banani Overpass 78 Figure 4.8: Comparison of Vehicle Flow on Yearly Basis of Banani Overpass 79 Figure 4.9: Grade-wise and Temporal Comparison of Vehicle Flow at Jatrabari- Gulistan Flyover 81 Figure 4.10: Comparison of Vehicle Flow on Yearly Basis of Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 83 xii Figure 4.11: Grade-wise and Temporal Comparison of Vehicle Flow at Moghbazar- Mouchak Flyover 85 Figure 4.12: Temporal Variation of Different Types of Vehicles in Mohakhali Flyover 88 Figure 4.13: Temporal Variation of Different Types of Vehicles in Khilgaon Flyover 92 Figure 4.14: Temporal Variation of Different Types of Vehicles in Ahsanullah Master Flyover 95 Figure 4.15: Temporal Variation of Different Types of Vehicles in Banani Overpass 99 Figure 4.16: Temporal Variation of Different Types of Vehicles in Jatrabari-Gulistan Flyover 102 Figure 4.17: Temporal Variation of Different Types of Vehicles in Moghbazar- Mouchak Flyover 105 Figure 4.18: Temporal Comparison of Average Vehicle Travel Speed at Mohakhali Flyover 108 Figure 4.19: Temporal Comparison of Average Vehicle Free Flow Speed at Mohakhali Flyover 110 Figure 4.20: Temporal Comparison of Average Vehicle Travel Speed at Khilgaon Flyover 112 Figure 4.21: Temporal Comparison of Free Flow Speed at Khilgaon Flyover 113 Figure 4.22: Temporal Comparison of Average Vehicle Travel Speed at Ahsanullah Master Flyover 115 Figure 4.23: Temporal Comparison of Free Flow Speed at Ahsanullah Master Flyover 116 Figure 4.24: Temporal Comparison of Average Vehicle Travel Speed at Banani Overpass 119 Figure 4.25: Temporal Comparison of Free Flow Speed at Banani Overpass 120 Figure 4.26: Temporal Comparison of Average Vehicle Travel Speed at Jatrabari- Gulistan Flyover 122 Figure