Contractor’s Report to the Board Evaluation of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in Playground and Track Products Produced under contract by: January 2007 S TATE OF C ALIFORNIA Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor Linda S. Adams Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD Margo Reid Brown Wesley Chesbro Jeffrey Danzinger Board Chair Board Member Board Member Rosalie Mulé Gary Petersen Vacant Position Board Member Board Member Board Member Mark Leary Executive Director For additional copies of this publication, contact: Integrated Waste Management Board Public Affairs Office, Publications Clearinghouse (MS–6) 1001 I Street P.O. Box 4025 Sacramento, CA 95812-4025 www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Publications/ 1-800-CA-WASTE (California only) or (916) 341-6306 Publication #622-06-013 Copies of this document originally provided by CIWMB were printed on recycled paper containing 100 percent postconsumer fiber. Copyright © 2007 by the California Integrated Waste Management Board. All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission. Prepared as part of contract number IWM-C2070, $420,000 The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) does not discriminate on the basis of disability in access to its programs. CIWMB publications are available in accessible formats upon request by calling the Public Affairs Office at (916) 341-6300. Persons with hearing impairments can reach the CIWMB through the California Relay Service, 1-800-735-2929. Disclaimer: This report to the Board was produced under contract by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of California Environmental Protection Agency. The statements and conclusions contained in this report are those of the contractor and not necessarily those of the California Integrated Waste Management Board, its employees, or the State of California and should not be cited or quoted as official Board policy or direction. The State makes no warranty, expressed or implied, and assumes no liability for the information contained in the succeeding text. Any mention of commercial products or processes shall not be construed as an endorsement of such products or processes Additional Resources: The CIWMB suggests that in order to make an informed decision as to whether rubberized products for your playground and track are best for your needs, you should review the ASTM standard F1292, "Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment," and the Handbook for Public Playground Safety, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Pub. No. 325, and ask your playground/track contractor and/or manufacturer about any safety concerns you may have. Table of Contents Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ii List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................................................................4 Chapter 2: Survey of CIWMB Playground Grantees 2001–2003: Playground Surface Types and Locations.......................................................................................................................................................6 Chapter 3: Substances Released by Recycled Tires: Values from the Published Literature ........................7 Chapter 4: Toxicity Reference Values for Substances Released by Recycled Tires ..................................27 Chapter 5: Evaluation of Toxicity Due to Ingestion of Tire Shreds Based on the Existing Literature of Tire Leachate Studies..................................................................................................................................39 Chapter 6: Evaluation of Toxicity Due to Ingestion of Tire Shreds Based on OEHHA Gastric Digestion Simulation Study.........................................................................................................................................53 Chapter 7: Evaluation of Toxicity Due to Chronic Hand-To-Mouth Behavior Based on OEHHA Wipe Sampling of Playground Surfaces...............................................................................................................65 Chapter 8: A First-Step Evaluation of High School Running Tracks Containing Recycled Tire Rubber: Wipe Testing and Customer Satisfaction Survey........................................................................................83 Chapter 9: Skin Sensitization Testing of Rubberized Playground Surfacing .............................................86 Chapter 10: Ecotoxicity of Recycled Tires Including Yulupa Elementary School Tire Chips Fire ...........90 Chapter 11: Evaluating the Risk of Serious Head Injury Due to Falls on California Playground Surfaces Made of Recycled Tires............................................................................................................................104 Abbreviations............................................................................................................................................129 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 131 The following appendices are available at www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Tires/Pubs.htm (scroll to “Research Papers”) Appendix A: Raw Data From Gastric Digestion Experiment......................................................................... Appendix B: Wipe Sampling Raw Data ......................................................................................................... Appendix C: Raw Data From Skin Sensitization Testing .............................................................................. i List of Tables Table 1. Substances released by whole tires or tire chips/shreds in laboratory and field studies ................8 Table 2. Concentrations of metals leaching from tire shreds used in various civil engineering applications in the field or leaching in lab studies ..........................................................................................................16 Table 3. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released from tire shreds in various field applications and laboratory studies, and in ambient air samples........................................................21 Table 4. Concentrations of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (sVOCs) released from tire shreds in various field applications and laboratory studies, and in some ambient environmental samples ...............24 Table 5. Concentrations of particulates in the air resulting from tire wear................................................26 Table 6: Metals: Oral route: Toxicity Values .............................................................................................28 Table 7: VOCs: Oral route: Toxicity Values ..............................................................................................33 Table 8: sVOCs: Oral route: Toxicity Values.............................................................................................37 Table 9. Comparison of ingested dose to health-based screening level for an acute ingestion of tire- derived crumb/shreds by a child based on published studies of tire leachate: noncancer health effects. ...41 Table 10. Average daily intakes of chemicals released by tires .................................................................47 Table 11. Hazard Quotients and Hazard Index for an Acute Ingestion of Chemicals Identified in Published Studies of Tire Leachate .............................................................................................................................49 Table 12. Increased cancer risk in a 3 year old following a one-time ingestion of 10 grams of shredded tires based on published tire leachate studies..............................................................................................51 Table 13. Composition of “Gastric Digestion” Solution ...........................................................................53 Table 14. Chemicals leaching from three shredded tire samples in “gastric digestion” experiment .........54 Table 15. Hazard Quotients and Hazard Index for an Acute Ingestion of Chemicals Identified in OEHHA Gastric Digestion Simulation Experiment ..................................................................................................56 Table 16. Comparison of ingested dose to health-based screening level for an acute ingestion of tire- derived shreds based on “gastric digestion” study: noncancer health effects. ............................................58 Table 17. Increased cancer risk in a 3 year old following a one-time ingestion of 10 grams of shredded tires based on OEHHA “gastric digestion” study .......................................................................................63 Table 18. Chemicals detected by wipe sampling three rubberized playground surfaces...........................66 Table 19. Hand-to-floor contact rates for children.....................................................................................69