State of the Art Innovation Landscape Report Urban Innovative Actions, Les Arcuriales, 45D rue de Tournai, F59000 Lille, France www.uia-initiative.eu Deliverable D.4.3.1 – State of the Art / Innovation Landscape Report Main Author: Pietro L. Verga1 Contributors: Natalia Onesciuc1, Tania Mihaiescu2, Anca Plesa2, Boglarka Vajda3, Tihamér Sebestyén3, Sorin Pop4, Ciprian Radu Ghișe4, Carmen Irina Ghișe4, Ana Maria Pop4 Dissemination level: Public Revision History: Rev Date Author Organization Description 01 26.03.2020 Pietro L. Verga URBASOFIA First Draft (URBASOFIA) 02 31.03.2020 Pietro Elisei URBASOFIA First Internal Review (URBASOFIA) 03 01.04.2020 Pietro L. Verga URBASOFIA First Draft for Partners’ Review 04 06.04.2020 Tihamér Sebestyén Green Energy Cluster Draft Review & Integration 05 07.04.2020 Anca Plesa USAMV Cluj-Napoca Draft Review & Integration 06 09.04.2020 Sorin Pop Indeco Soft Draft Review & Integration 07 17.04.2020 Pietro L. Verga URBASOFIA Full Revision and Proofreading (excl. Ch. 3 and Ch. 6) 08 22.04.2020 Sorin Pop INDECO Soft Integration to Ch. 6 and Ch. 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 09 23.04.2020 Anca Plesa USAMV Cluj-Napoca Proofreading Chapter 3 10 23.04.2020 Tihamér Sebestyén Green Energy Cluster Revised Chapter 5.3 11 28.04.2020 Sorin Pop INDECO Soft Revised Ch. 6 and Ch.7.3, 7.4, 7.5 12 30.04.2020 Pietro L. Verga URBASOFIA Final Version 1 URBASOFIA SRL 2 USAMV Cluj-Napoca 3 Green Energy Cluster 4 INDECO Soft 2 Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Land use management .................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Brownfields Regeneration ................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Concepts for Brownfields’ Regeneration and Land-Use Management ....................................................................................................... 12 1.1.2 Challenges to Brownfields’ Regeneration ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.3 Current Approaches to Brownfields’ Revitalisation .......................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.4 Prioritising Interventions ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2. Ecosystem Services ........................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Bioremediation of Brownfields .......................................................................................................................... 20 3. innovation in Remediation and decontamination ..................................................................... 23 3.1 Phytoremediation Techniques ............................................................................................................................ 23 3.1.1 Phytoextraction .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Phytodegradation ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.3 Rhizofiltration ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 3.1.4 Phytostabilization .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.5 Phytovolatilization .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.6 Rhizodegradation ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Effectiveness of Phytoremediation ..................................................................................................................... 27 4. Biomass-based value streams ................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Cascading Streams ............................................................................................................................................. 30 4.1.1 Cascading in Value ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.2 Cascading in Time .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.1.3 Cascading in Function ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 4.1.4 Cascading in Innovation ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Circular Nature-Based Energy Systems .............................................................................................................. 33 4.2.1 Bioenergy Policies at European level ................................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Bioenergy as Urban Renewable Energy ............................................................................................................. 34 4.3.1 Biomass Energy Sources and Potentials ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 4.3.2 Bioenergy Routes for Urban and Peri-Urban Areas ........................................................................................................................................ 37 4.3.3 Urban Biomass Supply Chains and Logistics .................................................................................................................................................... 39 4.3.4 Lessons Learnt ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 5. Biomass-based materials .......................................................................................................................... 42 5.1 Energy-Related Materials ................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.1 Energy-Related Materials from Solid Biomass .................................................................................................................................................. 43 5.1.2 Industrial Hemp as a Potential Bioenergy Crop ............................................................................................................................................... 43 5.2 Construction-Related Materials ........................................................................................................................ 44 5.2.1 Upcycling of Agricultural Waste and Biomass .................................................................................................................................................. 44 5.2.2 Production process ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 5.3 Cascading Streams’ Efficiency Gains .................................................................................................................. 47 6. Digital technologies and instruments ............................................................................................. 48 6.1 Virtual currencies and Sustainable Development .............................................................................................. 49 3 6.1.1 The Need for Digital Currency .............................................................................................................................................................................