Catalog and Bibliography of Longhorned Beetles from Borneo (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Daniel J. Heffern - Electronic Version, 2005.1 Abstract The genus-group and species-group names for Cerambycidae occuring in Borneo are summarized. All genus-group names, including synonyms and subgenera, are given with their type species. All species-group names and synonyms, specify their original genus. For each species and subspecies from Borneo, their extralimital distributions are included, if applicable. Citations are presented for each name. References for identification keys and illustrations are cited, if available. Complete bibliographies for all cited references are given. There are no proposed changes to nomenclature. Comments about biogeography and taxonomic problems are given. Species that are excluded from the Bornean fauna are listed. An index is included for all genus-group names. Table of Contents Introduction . 2 Biogeographical Relationships . 2 Taxonomy and Literature Discussion . 3 Acknowledgements . 5 List of Subfamilies and Tribes from Borneo . 6 List of Genera and Species from Borneo . 8 Excluded Records . .. 68 Important Nomenclatural Definitions . .. 68 Catalog Notes . .. 69 Bibliography . .. 72 Bibliographical Comments . .. 95 Index of Generic Level Names . .. 97 Checklist and Bibliography of Longhorned Beetles from Borneo Introduction This catalog and bibliography covers the original nomenclature for the longhorned beetles of Borneo. Longhorned beetles include the family Cerambycidae, although some taxonomists treat certain subfamilies as families. In this catalog, the work of Lawrence and Newton (1995) is followed which recognizes thirteen subfamilies in the world: Oxypeltinae, Disteniinae, Philinae, Anoplodermatinae, Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylidinae, Vesperinae, Apatophyseinae, Necydalinae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae and Lamiinae. There has been, and certainly will always be disagreement on the number and relationships of these subfamilies. Eight of these subfamilies are represented on Borneo. Along with a list of all valid taxa, included are the synonyms and subgenera (including extralimital subgenera), type species of genus-group names and a comprehensive bibliography of original descriptions, revisions, identification keys, taxonomic changes and distributional information. The literature has been examined, whenever possible, to verify original spelling, generic combination, type species, and year of description for each taxon in an effort to stabilize nomenclature and proper usage. Various errors and omissions were discovered while reviewing previous catalogs, lists, and other literature. Some older literature was unavailable and it was necessary to rely on secondary sources (i.e. earlier catalogs, checklists, revisions, etc.) to compile information. In recent years the number of species known from Borneo has significantly increased, however the reference literature is fragmented, obscure, inaccurate, or out-of-date which creates confusion for researchers, coleopterists, and curators. This work provides accurate names and complete references to facilitate research. As such, abbreviations of places, titles, journals, and author names are kept to a minimum. Nomenclatural changes are not proposed in this work and nomenclatural mistakes generated by various authors (i.e. Breuning) need to be corrected in separate scientific publications. Some unidentified or undescribed taxa are noted for reference, particularly when they represent new genera or species in Borneo. Due to differences in opinions among specialists, and because many genera have not been adequately studied, it is impossible to place all tribes and genera in a classification that everyone will agree with. Genera such as Oplatocera and Clytellus are a couple of examples of genera which do not fit well into their current tribal placements. Species distributions are compiled from literature and recent, unpublished collection records. Small, offshore islands (i.e. Labuan) are included with Borneo. Some literature records may be based on misidentified specimens because errors are common when dealing with species from an area which has numerous undescribed and poorly known species. Future studies will uncover many new species and determine that some taxa are synonyms and some synonyms are valid taxa. Biogeographical Relationships With an area of about 740,000 sq. km, Borneo is controlled by Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. It is the third largest island in the world after Greenland and New Guinea. The southern two-thirds (2/3) of Borneo is the Indonesian part called Kalimantan, which is divided into four states called West, Central, South and East Kalimantan. The northern, Malaysian part consists of two states, Sarawak and Sabah, located on the northwest coast and northern tip, respectively. Brunei is a small independent country located on the northwest coast between Sarawak and the South China Sea. The island is mainly mountainous, with numerous ranges of low to moderate elevation. The most significant range is the Crocker Range in Sabah, which has the highest peak in all of Southeast Asia, Mt. Kinabalu, at 4,100m. Some of the oldest rainforests in the world, approximately 130 million years old, are located in West Malaysia and Borneo. No attempt has been made to qualify which species are known to occur in the particular political divisions of Borneo. Prior to the recent and ongoing deforestation of this island, it was covered with continuous tropical forest and had essentially no natural barriers that would prevent species from occuring any where on the island. 2 Checklist and Bibliography of Longhorned Beetles from Borneo The cerambycid fauna of Borneo is closely related to the fauna of the Malaysian Peninsula, Sumatra and Java, with a distinct overlap of species and a strong commonality of tribes and genera. Heaney (1986) discussed mammalian biogeography of Southeast Asia in an attempt to explain the distribution of non-volant mammals based on prehistoric land bridges. Many of his observations apply to Cerambycidae, as well. Some Cerambycidae have dispersed from island to island by flight, and many have undoubtedly traveled as larvae in floating wood. But, nearly all tribes and many genera which occur in Southeast Asia are found in Borneo. This is expected since Borneo, Sumatra and Java, along with many smaller islands, have been intermittently connected by a land bridge to continental Southeast Asia in recent geological time due to ocean levels falling and rising as a result of glacial periods. This former region is known as the Sunda Shelf, and the islands which were formed by the rising sea level are referred to as the Sunda Islands. The latest connection between Borneo and West Malaysia was during the last glacial period of the Pleistocene around 18,000 years ago. The cerambycid fauna of Borneo is also closely related to the Philippine island of Palawan, since it was part of the Sunda Shelf around 160,000 years ago when sea levels were at their lowest, permitting dispersion of ancestral fauna to that island via a land bridge. Mindanao and Borneo are relatively close to each other and share numerous genera but few species. These two islands have never been joined by a land bridge, yet the distance between them is short enough to permit some species movement. Borneo is also close to Sulawesi, and like Mindanao, it has never been connected by a land bridge, so there is a limited number of common species between these two islands, as well. The Philippine Islands, with the exception of Palawan, have always been disconnected from the mainland of Asia and, overall, have a mostly indigenous cerambycid fauna. Wallace's Line, a term used since the 19th century, is the boundary separating the Indo- Malayan and Australasian biogeographical areas. Sulawesi, the Moluccas, and the Lesser Sunda Islands are east of Wallace's Line, while Borneo, Java and Sumatra are west of the line. For Cerambycidae, there are many distinct cases where tribes and genera occur on one side of the line and not the other. Records for species occurring on both sides of Wallace's Line should be questioned. Currently, there are twenty (20) species known from Borneo and Sulawesi. It is possible that some of these records are the result of misidentification, mislabeling or introduced species. Borneo is, essentially, at the extreme eastern edge of the rich Oriental cerambycid faunal region bordered by Wallace's Line. Numerous tribes decrease significantly, if not completely, east of this line toward the Moluccas and New Guinea, such as the Lamiini, Callichromatini, Lepturinae, and Cerambycini, while one of the most successful tribes from New Guinea, the Tmesisternini, is nearly absent in the Sunda Islands. The Batocerini, relatively robust flyers, have successfully populated all suitable habitat throughout the Australasian and Indo-Malayan regions. The Clytini are found on nearly every major island, and species-wise, they become increasingly scarcer as one goes from Southeast Asia to Australia. The lamiine tribe Hyborhabdini, with one genus and one species, is apparently the only endemic tribe from Borneo. While further studies will provide better data for analysis, the tribes Aegosomatini, Lamiini, Mesosini, Cerambycini, Callichromatini, Clytini, Prothemini, Pyrestini, Cleomenini, Molorchini, Pteropliini, Astathini and Saperdini are relatively abundant in terms of species and are very characteristic of the Bornean and Indo-Malaysian fauna. Taxonomy and Literature Discussion The