No. 19-1257, 19-1258 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States _______________ MARK BRNOVICH, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ARIZONA, ET AL., Petitioners, v. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, ET AL., Respondents. _______________ ARIZONA REPUBLICAN PARTY, ET AL., Petitioners, v. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE, ET AL., Respondents. _______________ ON WRITS OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE CASPER SLEEP INC., WITH OVER 250 BUSINESS LEADERS SIGNING ON, IN SUPPORT OF AFFIRMANCE NATHANIEL B. EDMONDS (counsel of record) TARA GIUNTA Paul Hastings LLP 2050 M Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 (202) 551-1700 [email protected] Counsel for Amicus Curiae - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTERESTS OF AMICUS AND ADDITIONAL SIGNATORIES ................................................ 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................... 2 ARGUMENT ............................................................... 4 A. Business leaders recognize the importance of a diverse and inclusive workforce as drivers of economic growth and prosperity. .......... 4 B. A vibrant and inclusive democracy is good for business ............. 8 1. Inclusive democracies foster economic growth. .............. 8 2. Businesses are comprised of employees who will be harmed by discriminatory laws ........................................... 12 C. The Voting Rights Act is essential to a vibrant and inclusive democracy ............................................ 15 D. These imperatives are driving businesses to increasingly commit themselves to expanding democracy ............................................ 21 CONCLUSION ......................................................... 26 APPENDIX: List of Amicus Curiae and Additional Business Leaders Signing on in Support of the Brief.…………………….1a - ii - TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page(s) Cases Bartlett v. Strickland, 556 U.S. 1 (2009) .................................................. 16 Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., Ga., 140 S.Ct. 1731 (2020) ........................................... 23 Democratic Nat’l Comm. v. Hobbs, 948 F.3d 989, 1008 (9th Cir. 2020) .................... 21 Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) ................................................ 4 Lassiter v. Northampton Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 360 U.S. 45 (1959) ................................................ 19 Statutes Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (1964) ...................... 23 Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, Pub.L. 68-175, 43 Stat. 253 (1924) ...................... 20 Voting Rights Act of 1965 (“VRA”), Pub.L. 89-110, 79 Stat. 437 (1965) ...............passim - iii - Other Authorities Abhay Aneja & Carlos Avenancio-Leon, The Effect of Political Power on Labor Market Inequality: Evidence from the 1965 Voting Rights Act, Wash. Ctr. For Equitable Growth 16 (2020), https://www.law.northwestern.edu/re search-faculty/colloquium/law- economics/documents/fall19aneja.pdf .................. 11 Abhay Aneja & Carlos Avenancio-Leon, Voting rights equal economic progress, Wash. Ctr. For Equitable Growth 16 (2020), https://equitablegrowth.org/voting- rights-equal-economic-progress-the- voting-rights-act-and-u-s-economic- inequality/ ............................................................. 12 15th Amendment ................................................. 18, 21 Anat R. Admati, Democracy and Prosperity Require Uncorrupted Governments, Stanford Graduate School of Bus. (Feb. 14, 2020), https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insight s/democracy-prosperity-require- uncorrupted-governments .................................... 11 Annabel Hogg & Robin Hodess, The Business Case for Protecting Civic Rights 3 (Oct. 2018) .............................................. 14 Ass’n of Chamber of Commerce Execs., “Diversity Statements,” https://secure.acce.org/wiki/diversity- statements/ ............................................................. 5 - iv - Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), The Economic Case for Health Equity (2012), http://www.astho.org/Programs/Healt h-Equity/Economic-Case-Issue-Brief ................... 16 BCG, How Diverse Leadership Teams Boost Innovations (Jan. 23, 2018), https://www.bcg.com/en- us/publications/2018/how-diverse- leadership-teams-boost-innovation........................ 6 Broad-Based Coalition of Business Leaders’ Statement on the 2020 Election, BUS. ROUNDTABLE, https://www.businessroundtable.org/ broad-based-coalition-of-business- leaders-statement-on-the-2020- election .................................................................. 25 Business Roundtable, Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation, https://www.businessroundtable.org/ business-roundtable-redefines-the- purpose-of-a-corporation-to-promote- an-economy-that-serves-all- americans .............................................................. 13 Cedric Herring, Does Diversity Pay?: Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity Am. Soc. Rev. 208 (2009) ...................................................................... 6 Chip Cutter, Companies Push for More Access to Mail-In Voting, Wall Street Journal (June 3, 2020, 4:19 PM) .......................... 26 - v - Dana M. Peterson et al., Closing The Racial Inequality Gaps: The Economic Cost of Black Inequality in the U.S., Citigroup (Sept. 2020), https://ir.citi.com/NvIUklHPilz14Hw d3oxqZBLMn1_XPqo5FrxsZD0 x6hhil84Zxa xEuJUWmak51UHvYk75VKeHCMI %3D ......................................................................... 8 David Rock and Heidi Grant, Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter, Harvard Business Review (November 4, 2016) .................................................................... 8 Eric V. Meeks, Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona, at 42 (The University of Texas Press (2007) ......................... 20 Erika Wood and Liz Budnitz, Jim Crow in New York, Brennan Ctr. for Justice (2009), https://www.brennancenter.org /sites/default/files/legacy/publications /JIMCROWNY_2010.pdf ...................................... 19 Forbes, Global Diversity and Inclusion: Fostering Innovation through a Diverse Workforce, Forbes Insights . https://www.forbes.com/forbesinsight s/StudyPDFs/Innovation_Through_Di versity.pdf, July 2011, https://www.forbes.com/forbesinsight s/innovation_diversity/ ........................................... 7 - vi - Gavin Wright, Voting Rights, Deindustrialization, and Republican Ascendancy in the South, Inst. for New Econ. Thinking, at 2 (Sept. 2020), https://www.ineteconomics.org/uploa ds/papers/WP_135-Wright-VOTING- RIGHTS.pdf .................................................... 12, 13 Georges Desvaux et al., Women Matter, McKinsey & Company 12 (Oct. 2007) .................... 7 Global Strategy Group, Call to Action in the Age of Trump Business & Politics: Do They Mix? 5th Annual Study, 2018 https://www.globalstrategygroup.com /wp- content/uploads/2018/02/Business Politics_2018.pdf .................................................. 24 International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, Combating Fraud and Corruption https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/ Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_C orporate_Site/AC_Home ....................................... 15 James C. Cobb, The Voting Rights Act at 50: How It Changed the World, TIME (Aug. 6, 2015), https://time.com/3985479/voting- rights-act-1965-results/ ........................................ 22 Jeanette Wolfley, Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans, 16 Am. Indian L. Rev. 167 (1990) ..................................................... 20 - vii - Jena McGregor, How Corporate America Is Trying to Drive 2020 Voter Turnout, Washington Post (Sept. 17, 2020, 12:43 PM) .................................................... 26 Jena McGregor, How Employers Are Trying to Drive Election Day Turnout, Washington Post (Oct. 22, 2018, 8:30 AM) ...................................................... 25 Jenny Gold, Fight Erupts Over Health Insurance Rates for Businesses with More Women, Kaiser Health News (Oct. 25, 2009), https://khn.org/news/gender- discrimination-health-insurance/ ........................ 16 Joel A. Thompson, The Voting Rights Act in North Carolina: An Evaluation, Publius 150-151 (1986) .................... 12 John Lewis & Archie A. Allen, Black Voter Registration Efforts in the South, 48 Notre Dame L. Rev. 105, 107, 113 (1972) ............................................... 19, 21 John Z. Ayanian, The Costs of Racial Disparities in Health Care, Harvard Business Review (Oct. 1, 2015) ............................ 16 Josephine Hearn, Corporate Executives Played Key Role in Passage of the VRA, The Hill (July 25, 2006, 12:00 AM).................................................................. 17, 24 Kate Kelly & Sapna Maheshwari, Paid Time Off, Free Fries: How Corporate America Is Getting Out the Vote, N.Y. TIMES (Oct. 23, 2020) ................................... 25 - viii - Katherine W. Phillips, How Diversity Makes Us Smarter, Scientific American (Oct. 1, 2014) .......................................... 7 Kristina M. Campbell, Rising Arizona: The Legacy of The Jim Crow Southwest on Immigration Law and Policy After 100 Years of Statehood, 24 Berkeley La Raza L.J. 1 (2014) ....................... 20 Leadership Now Project, Business For Racial Equity, https://www.leadershipnowproject .org/businessforracialequity, July 19, 2020, https://www.leadershipnowproject.or g/businessforracialequity ..................................... 27 Leslie Bow, Partly Colored: Asian Americans and Racial