Wirtschafts- und Sozialhistorische Studien Herausgegeben von Stuart Jenks, Michael North und Rolf Walter Band 19 Open Access © 2016 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln Weimar Wien Eberhard Crailsheim The Spanish Connection French and Flemish Merchant Networks in Seville (1570–1650) 2016 BÖHLAU VERLAG KÖLN WEIMAR WIEN Open Access © 2016 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln Weimar Wien Published with the support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 222-V18 Open access: Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagabbildung: Ausschnitt aus Vista de Sevilla, Alonso Sánchez Coello zugeschrieben (Ende 16. Jahrhundert). Öl auf Leinwand (150 x 300 cm). Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Museo de América, Madrid. © 2016 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln Weimar Wien Ursulaplatz 1, D-50668 Köln, www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig. Lektorat: Janice Horton, Paphos (Zypern) Gesamtherstellung: WBD Wissenschaftlicher Bücherdienst, Köln Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefreiem Papier Printed in the EU ISBN 978-3-412-22536-0 Contents List of Figures ................................................ 7 List of Tables ................................................. 8 Acknowledgements ............................................ 11 Introduction .................................................. 13 I. e Merchants of Seville ................................... 37 1. Between the Siglo de Oro and the Decadencia . 39 1.1 Spain and Seville between 1570 and 1650 . 39 1.2 Foreigners in Seville between 1570 and 1650 . 71 1.3 Conclusions . 98 2. French and Flemish Merchants in Seville . 100 2.1 Social Aspect of the Foreign Nations . 100 2.2 Orientation of the Private Networks . 111 2.3 Companies and Family Businesses . 113 2.4 Ascertainable Trade Volume . 119 2.5 Implications of Political Changes for the Merchants. 121 2.6 Commerce – e Merchandise . 128 2.7 Financial Activities – Systems of Credit . 136 2.8 America and the Cargadores a Indias . 141 2.9 Commercial Networks and their Orientation . 143 2.10 Conclusions . 150 II. Private Connections ....................................... 153 3. e French Colony ........................................ 156 3.1 Disconnected Frenchmen . 156 3.2 e Network Antiñaque . 165 3.3 Conclusion of the Private French Networks . 180 4. e Colony of the Netherlands .............................. 182 4.1 e First Network Circle of the Naturalized Flemings – e Antwerp Connection . 184 Open Access © 2016 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln Weimar Wien 6 Contents 4.2 e Second Network Circle of the Naturalized Flemings. 210 4.3 Conclusion of the Private and Semi-Private Flemish Networks 226 III. Business Connections...................................... 229 5. Commercial Networks of 1580 .............................. 232 5.1 French Networks in 1580 . 232 5.2 Flemish Networks in 1580 . 233 5.3 Conclusions of the 1580 Trade . 242 6. Commercial Networks of 1600 .............................. 245 6.1 French Networks in 1600 . 245 6.2 Flemish Networks in 1600 . 253 6.3 Conclusions of the 1600 Trade . 267 7. Commercial Networks of 1620 .............................. 269 7.1 French Networks in 1620 . 270 7.2 Flemish Networks in 1620 . 296 7.3 Conclusions of the 1620 Trade . 349 8. Commercial Networks of 1640 .............................. 352 8.1 French Networks in 1640 and the Inference of the Embargo since 1635 . 353 8.2 Flemish Networks in 1640 . 366 8.3 Conclusions of the 1640 Trade . 384 Conclusion ................................................... 386 A. Abbreviations, Units, and Spelling . 392 B. Glossary .................................................. 394 C. Tables and Figures ......................................... 395 D. Network Data ............................................. 402 Sources and Bibliography ...................................... 407 Index of Names ............................................... 447 List of Figures 1.1 Number of Passages from the Iberian Peninsula through the Danish Sound, 1580–1641 (Total: 6,076) . 69 1.2 Percentage of the Different Origins of Foreigners in Seville, 1580–1640 (Sample Total: 835). 82 1.3 Percentage of the Letters of Naturalization by Place of Origin, 1570–1650 (Total: 305) . 83 1.4 Number of Issuances of Letters of Naturalization in Seville, 1600–1650 (Total: 255) . 84 1.5 Number of Applications for Naturalizations, 1571–1650 (Total: 305) . 86 1.6 Percentage of the Notarial Records with Foreign Participation (Total Number of Documents: 1,059) . 89 1.7 Percentage of Foreign Nations amongst the Total of All Foreigners (Total Number of Foreigners: 835) . 91 1.8 Contributions of the Elite to the Forced Exchange of Bullion in 1640 (by Place of Origin) . 97 2.1 Assortment of Merchandise Traded by Frenchmen in 1620, by Value . 131 2.2 Assortment of Merchandise Traded by Flemings in 1620, by Value . 133 2.3 Assortment of Textiles Traded by Flemings in 1620, by Value . 134 2.4 Share of French and Flemish Nodes in the Total Networks (Percentage) . 145 2.5 Relation of French and Flemish Nodes to Non-French or Non-Flemish Nodes in the Respective Main Network . 147 3.1 e Network of Pedro de Antiñaque and his Daughters . 167 4.1 e Private Flemish Network (1580–1650) . 183 4.2 e Semi-Private Flemish Network (1580–1650) . 184 4.3 e First Circle of the Semi-Private Flemish Network . 186 4.4 e Connections between the Families Van der Linden, De Venduylla, De Neve, Plamont, and De Lannoy . 187 4.5 e Connections between the Families Beruben, De Molinar, and Tolinque . 192 Open Access © 2016 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln Weimar Wien 8 List of Figures 4.6 e Connections between the Families Nicolas, Antonio, De Conique, Peligron, and Francois . 195 4.7 e Semi-Private Network of Juan Leclerque (SB means stockbroker). 201 4.8 e Families of Elias Sirman and Luis Clut . 206 4.9 e Second Circle of the Semi-Private Flemish Network . 211 4.10 e Central Position of Roberto Marcelis within the Semi-Private Flemish Networks . 213 4.11 e Family De Smidt . 216 5.1 e Flemish Network of the Year 1580 (G=Genoese, P=Portuguese, A=in Antwerp, M=in Madrid) . 234 6.1 e French Network of the Year 1600 . 246 6.2 e Case of the Urca Profeta David . 251 6.3 e Flemish Main Network of the Year 1600. 255 6.4 e Circle of the Flemish Network of the Year 1600 . 256 7.1 e French Network of the Year 1620 . 271 7.2 e Book Business Network of Pedro de la Farxa (S=Seville, A=Antwerp, L=Lyon, C=Córdoba) . 277 7.3 e Commercial Network of Guillermo Reynarte in Seville . 281 7.4 e Flemish Network of the Year 1620 . 297 7.5 e Network of Niculas Antonio . 299 7.6 e Network of the Sirman Family . 306 7.7 e Axis Dunkirk-Seville . 323 7.8 Bills of Exchange between Seville, San Sebastián, and Amsterdam 327 7.9 Consignments from Cornelio de Groote . 333 8.1 e French Networks of the Year 1640 . 356 8.2 e Network of Pedro de Alogue . 360 8.3 e Flemish Networks of the Year 1640 . 367 8.4 e Canis-Network . 368 8.5 e Codde-Network . 375 C.1 e Axis Dunkirk-Seville, Including the Transportation (1620) . 401 D.1 Nodes in the French and Flemish Networks (Percentage of the Number of Nodes in the Total Networks) . 402 List of Tables 1.1 Population of Seville (1533–1655). 46 1.2 Foreign Participation in the Commerce of Seville . 85 1.3 e Merchant Elite of Seville of 1640 – Different Contributions to the Spanish King between 1632 and 1651 . 95 2.1 Revenues and Expenses of the French and Flemish Nations in the Selected Years (in Ducats) . 120 2.2 Number of Nodes of the Total and Main Networks and Number of French and Flemish Nodes . 144 3.1 Applications for Naturalization of Frenchman in Andalusia (1580–1650) . 157 3.2 e Disconnected Frenchmen (Year of Naturalization and Membership in the Consulate) . 158 3.3 e Frenchmen of the Network Antiñaque (Year of Naturalization and Membership in the Consulate) . 166 4.1 Circle I – Applications for Naturalization of Flemings/Dutch in Andalusia (1580–1650) . 185 4.2 Circle II – Applications for Naturalization of Flemings/Dutch in Andalusia (1580–1650) . 211 5.1 Revenues and Expenses of the Flemings in 1580 (in Ducats) . 243 6.1 e 18 Frenchmen of the Year 1600 . 246 6.2 e 20 Most Central Nodes of the Flemish Network of the Year 1600 . ..