ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use estec European Space Research and Technology Centre Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands Tel. (31) 71 5656565 Fax (31) 71 5656040 www.esa.int Lunar Exploration Definition Team Lunar Exploration Objectives and Requirements Definition LERD_issue1_revision_1 Prepared by James Carpenter, Richard Fisackerly, Sylvie Espinasse and the Lunar Exploration Definition Team Reference LL-ESA-ORD-413 Issue 1 Revision 0 Date of Issue 1 February 2010 Status Approved/Applicable Document Type RP Distribution ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Title Lunar Exploration Objectives and Requirements DefinitionLunar Exploration Definition Team Lunar Exploration Objectives and Requirements Definition Issue 1 Revision 0 Author James Carpenter, Richard Fisackerly, Sylvie Date 1 February 2010 Espinasse and the Lunar Exploration Definition Team Approved by Date Alain Pradier 1 February 2010 Reason for change Issue Revision Date Updates made to requirements following Topical Team 1 1 12 August 2010 consultations Correction made to requirement reference in 1 1 23 February 2010 panoramic camera section Issue 1 Revision 0 Reason for change Date Pages Paragraph(s) Page 2/120 Lunar Exploration Objectives and Requirements Definition Date 1 February 2010 Issue 1 Rev 0 ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Table of contents: List of Figures........................................................................................................................................ 6 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Acronyms.................................................................................................................................. 10 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 12 2 The Context for Lunar Exploration .................................................................................................14 3 ESA’s First Lunar Lander ............................................................................................................... 17 4 Landing ........................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1 Navigation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19 4.2 Guidance .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.3 Control ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20 5 Human health ................................................................................................................................ 21 5.1 Radiation Risks to Human Health .................................................................................................................................. 21 5.1.1 Lunar radiation environment ........................................................................................................................................ 21 5.1.1.1 Solar radiation ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 5.1.1.2 Galactic cosmic rays ....................................................................................................................................................24 5.1.1.3 Secondary radiation ....................................................................................................................................................26 5.1.2 Effects on human physiology ........................................................................................................................................ 27 5.1.3 Health effects of radiation - potential objectives ......................................................................................................... 28 5.1.3.1 Improve current space weather forecast from the Moon to improve early warning systems for crews .................29 5.1.3.2 Quantify the radiation risks to human lunar exploration due to GCRs .................................................................. 30 5.1.3.3 Improve current understanding of the response of biological systems to radiation damage in the integrated lunar environment such that risks assessment for humans can be improved................................................................................. 30 5.1.3.4 Determine the radiation shielding properties of lunar regolith ............................................................................... 31 5.2 Health Risks of Lunar Dust ............................................................................................................................................. 31 5.2.1 Health effects of dust - potential objectives ..................................................................................................................33 5.2.1.1 Quantify the health risks to human exploration posed by lunar dust unrepresented in sample collections ..........34 6 Habitation .................................................................................................................................... 36 6.1 The Suitability of a Potential Future Landing Site for Human Exploration ..................................................................36 6.1.1.1 Characterise the suitability of a potential future landing site for future exploration .............................................. 37 6.2 Lunar Dust and Effects on Habitation ............................................................................................................................ 37 6.2.1 Dust and soil effects on habitation - potential objectives ........................................................................................... 40 6.2.1.1 Improve current models of charging, transport, adhesion and abrasion of lunar dust as relevant to future lunar exploration activities ................................................................................................................................................................ 40 6.2.1.2 Determine thermal and heat flow properties of the regolith .................................................................................... 41 6.3 Impact Risks for Habitation ............................................................................................................................................ 41 6.3.1 Impact risk for habitation - potential objectives ..........................................................................................................43 6.3.1.1 Quantify the risk to human exploration posed by impacts ...................................................................................... 44 6.4 Seismic Risks for Human Habitation ..............................................................................................................................44 6.4.1 Seismic risks for habitation - potential objectives........................................................................................................ 45 6.4.1.1 Determine the seismic risk to future human exploration activities ......................................................................... 45 6.5 Enabling Research for Habitation Technologies ............................................................................................................ 45 6.5.1 Enabling research for habitation technologies – potential objectives ........................................................................46 6.5.1.1 Understand the effects of reduced gravity on multiphasic properties critical in habitation technologies ............ 46 6.5.1.2 Understand the impact of the lunar environment on biological processes important for life support technologies 47 6.5.1.3 Demonstrate advanced power storage technologies ................................................................................................. 47 Page 3/120 Lunar Exploration Objectives and Requirements Definition Date 1 February 2010 Issue 1 Rev 0 ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use 7 Resources ..................................................................................................................................... 48 7.1 In Situ Resources and their Utilisation .......................................................................................................................... 48 7.1.1 In situ resources - potential objectives ........................................................................................................................ 48 7.1.1.1 Identify the presence or otherwise of water ice in permanently shadowed craters ................................................ 49 7.1.1.2 Identify the abundance and distribution of ilmenite ............................................................................................... 50 7.1.1.3 Improve our understanding of the potential use of highlands regolith as a resource ............................................. 51 7.1.1.4 Improve