National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Marine Debris (micro- & macro-) Monitoring and Research in China Juying Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Jingli Mu Brussels, Belgium June 02, 2017 Contents 1 Governance to Marine Debris 2 MD Monitoring Program in China 3 MPs Research in China 4 Conclusions National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Marine debris is present in all marine habitats, from densely populated regions to remote points far from human activities. National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Global Governance • UNCLOS, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal • UNEP: Global Partnership of Marine Litter (GPML) • SDG 14 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive • Came into force in 2008, Aimed at achieving a good ecological status of marine water in 2020 1. Biological diversity 2. Non-indigenous species introduced by human activities 3. Pressure by fisheries 4. Productivity of marine food web 5. Eutrophication 6. Sea floor integritity 7. Hydrographic alterations 8. Contaminant concentrations in water and sediment 9. Contaminant concentrations in seafood for human consumption 10. Marine litter 11.Introduction of energy (thermal energy, EMF and light) and noise http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine- strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA National Policy Framework in China Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes Regulations Concerning the Prevention and Cure of Pollution Damage of Marine Environment by Pollutants from Land Regulations Concerning the Management of Marine Dumping Regulations Concerning the Prevention and Cure of Pollution Damage of Marine Environment by Seashore Construction Project Regulations on Prevention of Environment Pollution by Marine Oil Exploitation and Development Regulations Concerning the Prevention of Pollution of Sea Areas by Vessels Regulations on Prevention of Environment Pollution by Ship Scraping …… To strictly manage solid wastes, control marine debris input from both the land and sea based activities National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Recent National Action Plan Integrated Reform Plan for Promoting Ecological Progress; Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan; Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan; Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan; Coast Pollution Prevention and Control Plan Plan on Prevention and Control of Pollution from Ship and Ports (2015-2020) …… National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Marine debris Institutional Arrangements Monitoring Land Source Research & Control Assessment University & Ministry of Environ. Institute SOA Protection Local monitoring NMEMC agency National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA 2. SOA’s Marine Debris Monitoring Program 2017 Macro-debris: being Micro-debris: being commenced since 2007. commenced since 2016 Macro-Debris Monitoring Program ▶ Main focus areas • Coastal recreational waters • Harbors and ports • Mariculture zones • Marine protection areas • Once/year , in wet season ▶ Frequency Observing Methods Beach Debris Sighting survey Floating Debris Sighting/Trawling survey Benthic Debris Diving survey/Trawling survey Distribution of marine debris National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Macro-Debris In 2016 其他 木制品类 纸类 海底垃圾 织物类 海滩垃圾 海面漂浮垃圾 玻璃类 橡胶类 聚苯乙烯泡沫类 金属类 塑料类 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Floating: 2 284 items/km2, 62 kg /km2; Beach: 69 203 items/km2 , 1 105 kg /km2; Seafloor: 1 325 items/km2, 34 kg/km2; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Mega（a）大块和特大块漂浮垃圾密度 Floating Debris Macro（b）中块和小块漂浮垃圾密度 Floating Debris 40 8000 30 6000 平方公里） / 平方公里） / 20 4000 数量密度（个 10 数量密度（个 2000 0 0 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 Beach（c）海滩垃圾密度 Debris Sea(d） Floor海底垃圾密度 Debris 100000 4000 75000 3000 平方公里） / 平方公里） 50000 / 2000 数量密度（个 25000 数量密度（个 1000 0 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 0 2007年 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 Debris Abundance from 2007 to 2016 in China National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA 2 Floating（a）海水表面漂浮垃圾密度 Debris (items/km ) 1,000,000 334,271 174,000 ） 2 100,000 20,328 21,000 km / 10,000 4,256 2,959 3,537 1,414 1,534 2,689 1,000 100 数量密度（个 38 10 1 data of WOA I was cited National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA 2 Beach Debris（b） 海滩垃圾密度 (items/100 m ) 6883 10000 2800 ） 2 1000 570 m 270 341 153 180 /100 84 100 100 21 14 10 6.6 数量密度（个 1 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Benthic（c） 海底垃圾密度Debris (items/km2) 10,000 3,635 2,868 2,762 3,125 1,100 1,360 ） 1,000 2 437 /km 100 67 10 10 数量密度（个 3 1 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA SOA’s Marine Micro-Debris Monitoring Program MPs in surface waters Density：0.29 (0.001-2.35) particles/m3 Component: PE, PP and PS; Color: white, blue; Shape：line, film, fragment, foam spherulesMPs on beaches. Density：100 - 1208 particles/m2 Component: PE, PP, PS, PET, PVC. MPs in shellfish: 0.26 particle/g（WW） Shape：fragment, film, fiber. Sinonovacula constricta:0.16 particle/g Ruditapes philippinarum:0.49 particle/g Perna viridis:0.12 particle/g MPs distribution in 2016 Low water exchange capacity Bohai Sea The Bohai Sea (BHS) is a shallow semi-enclosed marginal sea of the NW Pacific, with an area of about 77103 km2, average depth of 18m, and coastal line length of nearly 3800 km (Sun, 2006). National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Floating MPs samples were collected at 11 stations during August 17 to 22, 2016. 15 minutes at ～1.5-2.0 knots 3 m Bottom tube 0.333 mm mesh 0.45 m 0.95 m Flow-meter balance plate National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Laboratory Analysis of MPs Wet sieve Wet peroxide oxidation Filtering Pour the sample through Add aqueous 0.05 M Fe(II) + Solid float on surface of the mixed solution were stacked 5.0 mm and 0.3 20 mL of 30% H2O2. Heat at mm stainless steel mesh 75℃ for 30 min to removal filtrated with glass fiber sieves.. natural organic. filter (0.7μm). National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Microscope Exam and FTIR Analysis Stereoscopic microscope Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Microplastics abundance Plastics were collected at all stations, with a total count of 2,925 fragments MPs was about 1600, accounted for 55% Average abundance of all plastic samples: 0.60 ± 0.71 particle/m3. MPs: 0.33 ± 0.36 (ranged 0.01–1.23) particle/m3 Under review ranged from 0 to 8.5 particles m−3, average 1.15 ± 1.45 particles m−3 Kanhai et al., 2017 Map of sampling locations and microplastic abundance along the north/southNational Marine transect Environmental in the Atlantic Monitoring Ocean. Center, SOA Maes et al., 2017 Bohai:MPs density ranged 0.01–1.23 particle/m3. National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA 3. MPs research in China 河北曹妃甸 山东半岛 三峡大坝下游 （ Fok et al. 2015 ） 长江河口及东海海域 （Zhao et al. 2014） 长江口、闽江口 南海底泥和香港 瓯江口、椒江口 （Qiu et al. 2015 ； Zhang et al. 2015） 广西北部湾 南部海岸 海南岛 （Zhao et al 2015a,b） National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA MP in Surface Water MP abundance: 4137.3 ± 2461.5 n/m3 0.167±0.138 n/m3 955.6 ± 848.7 n/m3 680.0 ± 284.6 nm3 1245.8 ± 531.5 n/m3 Zhao et al.,2014; 2015 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA MPs on Beach Qiu et al., 2015 Zhang et al., 2016 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Fibers MP in Shellfish Li et al., Environ. Pollut. (2016) fragments MP Varied 2.1 - 10.5 items/g pellets and 4.3 - 57.2 items/individual Variation Range: 0.9 - 4.6 items/g; 1.5 - 7.6 items /individual Average Density: 2.2 items/g; 4.0 items/individual Mytilus edulis National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA POPs carried on MP 2970 281 502 328 France Netherlands PCBs 499 405 453 602357 225 231 U.K.151 Greece 184 92 9 Belgium 307 43112 274 5 94 28 94 Albania 46 30 139 101 62 Turkey 3 Seattle Boston Italy 39 China 75 Japan Ohio 35 140 San Francisco 20 28 Portugal 53 Vietnam Los Angeles New Jersey 369 Israel 9 17 13 9 Taiwan San Diego 10 17 294 1 Costa 69 HK Rica 51 31 India 6 Philippines Hawaii 4241 72 6 8 Thailand 8 25 8 223 T T Ghana Malaysia 12 Panama Equatorial 97 Kenya 14 7 Guinea Indonesia Singapore 42 41 9 5 93 St. Helena’s 60 0.01 9 Mozambique Cocos 70 64 344 25 13 Henderson 50 Brazil South Africa 0.26 Island 0.01 Uruguay Australia Chile 5 New Argentina Zealand The collected pellets were analyzed for Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet) “International Pellet Watch” (Takada, 2015） PAHs, PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, chlordane, heptachlor, endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin PCBs concentrations in pellets from East Asia and endrin. Microplastic collected from beaches National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA Biologicall effects of MPs MPs Ingestion of Photographs of accumulation and microplastics on copepod egestion of fluorescent polystyrene Tigriopus japonicus microspheres in marine medaka Unpublished data National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA MP in Table salt MPs: 550−681 particles/kg in sea salts; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA The presence of MP in commercial salts from different countries Extracted MP-like particles larger than 149 μm from 17 salt brands originating from 8 different countries; MP were absent in one brand while others contained between 1 to 10 MPs/Kg of salt.