EDITOR Prof.Dr.SEMRA ATABAY YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SIEGEN FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY EDITOR Prof.Dr.SEMRA ATABAY YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SIEGEN FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY T.C. YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE All right reserved. © 2014, Yildiz Technical University No parts of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any Form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or Hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from Yildiz Technical University. The book is published as 50 copies according to the Administravite Borad Decision of YTU dated 12/08/2014 with no: 2014/ 14 Authors are responsible for their manuscripts. Atabay Semra Global Climate Change ISBN: 978-975-461-512-8 YTU Library and Documentation Center No: YTÜ.MF.-BK-2014.0885 Print: Yildiz Technical University – Print/Publication Center – İstanbul Tel: (0212) 383 31 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD Global Climate Change.............................................................................................. 1 Prof. Dr. Semra ATABAY Is Kyoto Protocol Useless?........................................................................................ 7 Prof. Dr. Erhun KULA Effects of Urbanized Areas on Urban Climate………………………….……. 18 Dr. ÇağdaĢ KuĢçu ġĠMġEK, Prof. Dr. Betül ġENGEZER Integration of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Policies in Land- Use Planning and Environmental Impact Assessment…………...... 26 GökĢen ġAHĠN, Esra Yazıcı GÖKMEN The Ecology of Urban Transformation……………………………………….... 33 Prof. Dr. Tuncay NEYĠSCĠ Geoenvironmental Variabilities with Effects on the Safety of Infrastructure………………………………………………………………………… 38 Dr. Darwin E. FOX Comparing Coastal Risks of Mega Cities – Examples of Hamburg and İstanbul………………………………………………………………………………… 47 Uğur ÖZTÜRK, Sönke DANGENDORF, Christoph MUDERSBACH, Thomas WAHL, Jürgen JENSEN How to Make Water Management Climate Proof: From Hydrological Impact Analysis to the Development of Adaptation Options……………... 59 Prof. Dr. Helge BORMANN A Study Regarding the Effect of Climate Change on Water Resources Potential in Turkey…………………………………………………………….......... 73 Prof. Dr. AyĢegül PALA Possible Effects of Climate Change on Water Management in İstanbul…………………………………………………………………………...… 82 Prof. Dr. Hüseyin TUROĞLU Importance of Groundwater Protection Considering Climate Change….......................................................................................................................... 93 Dr. Muhterem DEMĠROĞLU, Zeynep AKTUNA, Prof. Dr. Remzi KARAGÜZEL Evolution of Hierarcy of Settlements in Water-Basin Scale Towards Climate Change………………………………………………………………………. 106 Prof. Dr. Zekiye YENEN, Dr. Cenk HAMAMCIOĞLU Agriculture and Environment Relationship with Special Attention to Global Climate Change.............................................................................................. 119 Yrd. Doç. M.Nisa MENCET Ecological Evaluations of the Meteorological Data in Central Anatolia of Turkey in the Warming Period……………………………………………………... 130 Prof. Dr. M. Doğan KANTARCI A Sustainable and More Independent Energy Policy Alternative for Turkey………………………………………………………………………..…............ 144 Necdet PAMİR Efficient Use of Energy in the Industry……………………………………….... 162 Prof. Dr. Hasan HEPERKAN Master Plan ‘Energy Transition 2025’- A New Approach in the City of Dortmund……………………………………………………………………. 174 Prof. Dr. Dietwald GRUEHN Effects of Industrial Disposals on Global Climate Change………………... 182 Sabit TUNÇEL Experimental Investigation of a Renewable Energy Source Assisted Heating and Cooling System at Renewable Yıldız Energy House…………………... 193 Prof. Dr. Olcay KINCAY, Özgen AÇIKGÖZ The Recent Developments of Refrigerants, A Review……………………….208 Mustafa Kemal SEVİNDİR, Alişan GÖNÜL A New Concept and Concern for National and Global Security: Environment and Ecology………………………………………………………..... 217 Prof. Dr. Firuz Demir YAŞAMIŞ The Effect of the Geometrical Arrangement of Borehole Heat Exchangers on Their Energy Efficiency - In Lab Tests and FE-Computer Model- Insıtu and Steady-State Analyses…………………………………………….….. 237 Prof.Dr. Richard A. HERRMANN, Andreas HAGEDORN, Markus ROSENTHAL The impact of climate change on the mountain semi-natural grassland meadows in Northern Portugal using a time-frequency approach...........247 Dr. Christian RICHTER, Dr.Mario CUNHA How micro-climate have an impact on social interaction?................................263 Mehrdad BORNA FOREWORD We have observed that the economic development based production models, which rely on fossil fuels, have started to hinder the ecological carrying capacity of the atmosphere. The discussion of eco-energy technologies and eco-economy policies are of the utmost importance to avert climate change in order to have a sustainable life in the world. A conference on global climate change was organised to discuss the aforementioned issues on 6th and 7th of November 2013 at the Yildiz Technical University with the collaboration of Yildiz Technical University, Siegen University and Istanbul Branches of Turkish Chambers of Mechanical, Civil and Forest Engineers. In this book we have published a selection of the papers presented during this conference. On behalf of our university and the conference organisation committee, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. İsmail Yüksek , the Rector of Yıldız Technical University, Prof. Dr. Nuran Plehvarian, the Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, the Goethe Institute in Istanbul, Friedrich Ebert and Heinrich Böll Foundations along with the Istanbul Branches of Turkish Chambers of Engineers, and companies from the industry for their support. Additionally I would like to thank Dr. Zeynep Kaçmaz and Mr. Serkan Şaltan who assisted me in the production of this book. Editor Prof. Dr. Semra Atabay Yildiz Technical University 2014 FOREWORD It is obvious that in the last century ‘Global Climate Change’, which arose depending upon the factors such as population growth, industrialization and urbanization, has produced a series of problems which threaten environmental sustainability and have to be handled at international level. In this meaning, it can be emphasized that many international studies, which were started to be performed dating from the second half of the 20th century, have put forth environmental protection policies and development legislations in order to solve these problems. Every passing day, more researchers have started to deal with these vital problems; and, many congresses, conferences, workshops gathering around a common vision that aims to reach a sustainable future have been conducted following each other. In this context, I should specify that this book, which has been compiled from a number of selected papers in the conference on ‘Global Climate Change’ carried out on 6th and 7th of November 2013 at our university, has a unique importance because of focusing on climatic problems of our century. Moreover, I believe that this book, which investigates the causes of ‘Global Climate Change’, discusses the current and probable results and seeks the solutions, has been completed with the support of many people and institutions deserving thanks. In this sense I would like to thank, first and foremost,Prof. Dr. İsmail Yüksek, the Rector of Yıldız Technical University, who hosts this conference at our university and Prof. Dr. Semra Atabay who has built this study on her experience and valuable ideas and compiled this book meticulously, then, Siegen University, Goethe-Institut Istanbul, The Friedrich Ebert Foundation, The Heinrich Böll Foundation, Istanbul Branches of Turkish Chambers of Mechanical, Civil and Forest Engineers and the organization committees of the conference, and finally, all the authors who have dealt with such an important issue and enriched this book with their studies. Hoping that this study can pave the way for new ideas and lead to further studies in order to be able to live in sustainable and healthy environment… Prof. Dr. Nuran Kara Plehvarian Dean Faculty of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Prof. Dr. Semra Atabay Yıldız Technical University 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid industrialisation of the 19th century was driven by the use of fossil fuels as energy source for industry as well as heating and transport purposes. The very large amounts of carbon dioxide generated by this process caused a greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. Meanwhile the impact of the industralisation on the global climate system is an established scientific fact as the added influence of greenhouse gases average global temperatures have increased by 1oC over the course of the past one hundred years. Today we still generate most of our energy from fossil fuels and the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is now 40% higher than the period before the industrialisation. As a result, the average global surface temperature has risen between 1900 and 2012 by approximately 0.9 oC. (Atabay, 2012) One important indicator is the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In the 1850s, at the beginning of the industrial revolution, it stood at 280 ppm; in the 1980s it had reached 350 ppm, and in May 2013 it was found to be at a level of 400 ppm. Many climate experts suggest that the CO2 concentration should be below 350 ppm in order to be on the safe side. (Atabay, Karasu, 2013) Over the past years we have witnessed a series of unusual weather events caused by