Essential Standard - Bio 4.2 Review Essential Standard Bio.4.2: Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell. Bio.4.2.1 Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between these systems. Bio.4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use (released) energy for maintaining homeostasis (and survival). Examples: energy needed for (1) active transport to remove cellular toxins or recruit nutrient needs; (2) movement required to avoid danger or find water, food, mates, etc; and (3) synthesizing proteins or other life-sustaining molecules. Memorize this Equation!!!! Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Solar Energy Nutrients & Enzymes Key Words & Concepts: Chloroplasts Chlorophyll Cuticle Epidermis Palisades Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll Stomata Complex Guard Cells Xylem (pipes that carry Water) Phloem (pipes that carry Glucose) Bundle/ Sheath Cells Vascular Bundle (Veins) Calvin Cycle Stoma Light-Dependent vs. Light Independent Reactions Granum Thylakoids Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration (2 types) (1) Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP (2) Anaerobic Respiration = 2 types of Fermentation Alcohol (a) Alcohol Fermentation (yeast) C6 H12O6 + yeast 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 2 ATP (b) Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid + C6 H12O6 + electron xfer 2C3H5O3 +2H + 2 ATP © 2013 Dr. Snyder / LCHS Key Concepts/Words for Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis ATP Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) ADP Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) NADH Electron Transport Chain Acetyl CoA Key Concepts/Words for Anaerobic Respiration 2 Anaerobic Respiration Products Lactic Acid (produced in mammal muscle cells) Alcohol Production (produced by yeast as they decompose plant tissues) Energy & Homeostasis ATP Energy is used to maintain Homeostasis ; examples… Maintaining near constant body temperature in warm-blooded organisms Ion pumps to transport required nutrients like potassium (K) into cells against the concentration gradient. [lo] to [hi] = Active Transport which requires energy (ATP) Muscle contractions to pump blood carrying cellular nutrients & gasses needed for survival . Exocytosis required to remove cellular wastes. Early Earth / Early Life Early Earth No Free Oxygen (O2) in Atmosphere; so, did the 1st organisms get their cellular energy by Anaerobic or Aerobic Respiration? Do you think they were Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes? Do you think they were Autotrophs or Heterotrophs? Origin of Life Abiogenesis: Spontaneous Generation of LIFE; Biological life arises from inorganic matter through supernatural processes. Biogensis: LIFE begets LIFE; no spontaneous generation; (Francesco Redi & Louis Pasteur’s experimental proof in 1860’s) Persistent… Unproven… Hypotheses: Self-Reproducing Organic molecules (somehow) evolved from inorganic elements found in the early Earth. (Miller & Urey’s experimental work in the early-mid 1900’s) © 2013 Dr. Snyder / LCHS .