Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized r~~~~~~~~~~~A 1794 42 MetropolitanEnvironmental Improvement Program Tableof Contents: _ __ i. Foreword iii. Preface 1. Chapter 1: Environmental Issues Prior to the Basic Law 19. Chapter 2: Recent Environmental Developments & Trends 37. Chapter 3: Institutional Responsibilities & Procedures for Environmental Management 51. Chapter 4: Regulations. Standards & Agreements 71. Chapter 5: Other Government Policy Instruments & Support Mechanisms 93. Chapter 6: Industrial Responses to Environmental Concerns 113. Chapter 7: Assessment of Performance and Relevance for Developing Countries 125. Bibliography 127. Photographs 129. Annex Directory 131. Annexes Tableof Contents Foreword _1 Program Coordinator (NPC). The NPC coordi- MEIP: the Context for the Study nates all MEIP activities and is responsible for developing the environmental network of gov- T he UNDP-assisted, World Bank-executed ernment, private sector, non-governmental Metropolitan Environmental Improvement organizations (NGOs), research institutions, Program (MEIP) began work in 1990 in five and communities. MEIP supports workshops, Asian metropolitan areas-Beijing, Bombay, demonstration projects, and community envi- Colombo, Jakarta, and Metro Manila. In 1993, ronmental actions, and links these growing this intercountry program began its second environmental network efforts with govern- phase and Kathmandu joined as the sixth MEIP ment policy and investment initiatives. city. MEIP is a constituent partner of the UNDP Urban Management Program for Asia and the A further focus of MEIP is the exchange of Pacific (UMPAP). experience and sharing of information among MEIP cities. This has been carried out through MEIP's mission is to assist Asian urban areas a series of intercountry workshops that review tackle their rapidly growing environmental the city work programs, exchange useful expe- problems. The MEIP approach emphasizes the cross-sectoral nature of these problems and address the failure of traditional, sectoral devel- MEIP has established the city programs, set opment strategies to adequately address urban in motion a variety of city subprojects, and mobi- environmental deterioration or the linkage lized the intercountry exchange. MEIP pub- between industrial and urban development. lications are intended to share insights and experi- ences developed from the MEW process and its The work program in each city is therefore projects. The six MEIP city programs work inde- guided by Steering Committees and technical pendently, with each other, and with international working groups that reflect the cross-sectoral, partners to reverse urban environmental degrada- interagency nature of urban environmental tion and provide useful and replicable lessons in issues. The policy and technical committees urban environmental management. develop Environmental Management Strate- gies (EMS) for their metropolitan regions; incorporate environmental considerations into the work of economic and planning agencies; MEIP and Urban Environmental contribute to the strengthening of environmen- Management Experiencein Japan tal protection institutions; and identify high priority environmental investments. To assist developing countries strengthen insti- tutional capacity to control pollution and The MEIP city office serves as secretariat to manage environmental resources, learning the Steering Committee and is managed by a from countries and cities that have experienced local environmental professional, the National similar problems is a particularly effective tool. Foreword Japan has had a large measure of success in deal- ing the 1960s and '70s is directly relevant to the ing with environmental problems associated environmental management challenge facing with rapid industrialization and urbanization. MEIP cities. As a developed country in Asia, its urban envi- On behalf of the MEIP team, I would lke to ronmental management history affords an express appreciation to Shunsuke Aoyama and excellent opportunity to derive lessons and case studies. his colleagues at EX Corporation for their superb efforts in conducting the study. We are T'his study undertakes a detailed review of especially grateful to the report's principal Japan's experience in urban environmental authors, Mr. Aoyoma, Jeremy J. Wlarford, protection and clean-up. The focus was to elab- Kiichiro Sakaguchi, Nahoko Nakazawa, and orate experiences of particular relevance to Hiroshi Naito for their exacting work and care-, MEIP cities, and to other cities in Asia and else- ful analysis. Profound thanks are due to where in the developing world. Professor Michio Hashimoto, Chairman, and to the other members of the Steering Committees Theoraeprs rteniviewuofnatrio aleperivene at both national and local levels. Finally, we are also makes extensive use of material derived indebted to the Government of Japan for the from the concurrently conducted case studies support that enabled us to undertake this pro- Ofathree metropoitanyushu.ciTi ses- aokama, ject and to the unflagging efforts of Kazuhiko tOsaka, and Kitakyushu. (These cases are sum- Takemoto of the Japan Environment Agency maried i theAnneesad pulishd by and of Katsunori Suzuki, our colleague at MEIP as companion volumes to this report.) or Bank. MEIP-World Bank. Some useful conclusions concerning the applicability of Japan's experience for develop- ing countries can be drawn. The study David G. Williams demonstrates that, while much of the technolo- gy and present management practice mnaynot P M be easily transferrable, the way in which Japan Metropolitan Environmental Improvement tackled pressing environmental problems dur- Program The findings, interpretations, and condusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors of this study and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank,to its affiliatedorganizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directorsor the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publicationand acceptsno responsibilitywhatsoever for any consequence of their use. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the con- venienceof the readers; the designations and presentation of material in them does not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates,or its board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country,territory, dty, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. Likewise,the material in this report should not be attributed in any matter whatsoever to Governments, Non-governmentalOrganiza- tions, any other institutions or individuals who participated in the Japan Study or Japan Study tour, and related workshops and seminars. MetropolitanEnvironmental Improvement Program Preface T his study comprises Japan's experience in ernment agencies. Each local committee includ- handling urban environmental issues, with spe- ed senior environmental experts and staff of the cial emphasis upon developments since the end Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) and of the second world war. Like all countries, related departments in the city. The case studies Japan has its own unique characteristics, not are presented in a separate, companion volume least of which has been its phenomenal rate of to this one, entitled: Urban EnvironmentalMan- economic growth in recent years. Nevertheless, agement in Japan: The Experience of Yokohama, its efforts to deal with urban environmental Osaka and Kitakyushu.1 A brief summary of the problems, many of which stem from the process case study report is contained in Annex 1. of economic growth itself, may afford valuable Major sources of information and data for the lessons for cities in developing countries, not study are the reports annually prepared by the only in the Asian region, but throughout the Environment Agency of Japan entitled Quality world. of the Environment in Japan, from which many figures and tables have been drawn. The study is comprised of two main ele- ments. The first one, contained in this report, The study forms part of the World Bank- consists of an overview of Japan's experience, UNDP Metropolitan Environmental Improve- and draws general conclusions about the rele- ment Program (MEIP), which is a collaborative vance of this experience for developing effort, aimed at improving urban environmental countries. More detailed treatment of the management, and facilitating appropriate Japanese experience is contained in the second investments in major cities in Asian developing element of the study, which consists of three countries. The current study gained much from city case studies conducted in Kitakyushu, interaction with other members of the MEIP,pri- Osaka, and Yokohama, which are among the marily at two international events. The first of largest cities in Japan. The overall study draws these was the Intercountry MEIP Workshop in upon, but is not restricted to, the material from Colombo, Sri Lanka in December 1992, at which the city studies. time an interim report of the study was present- ed and discussed. The second was a study tour The work has been conducted by staff of in Japan (see Annex 2, Program of MEIP Japan EX Corporation, under the direction of its Pres- Study Tour) which was attended by officials ident, Mr. Shunsuke Aoyama, and guided by a