Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations a.b. as before a.b.d. as before described ace. accordance adeq. adequate adhes. adhesive adj. adjoining/adjustment agg. aggregate agst. against alum. aluminium appvd. approved apt. apart a/r ali round arch. architect archve. architrave ard. around arisg. arising asp. asphalt assctd. associated attchd. attached av. average bal. baluster B.C. bayonet connection bd. bond/board/bead bdg. boarding bellmth. bellmouth b.i. build in bit. bitumen b & j bed and joint bk. brick bkg. breaking bkt. bracket bldg. building blindg. blinding 379 380 Building Quantities Explained blk. block blkwk. blockwork bott. bottom b&p bed and point br. branch brr. bearer b.s. both sides b & s bed and surround bt. boot btm. bottom btwn. between bwk. brickwork cap. capacity cast. casement cat. catalogue cav. cavity ccs. centres centrg. cent ring chan. channel chbr. chamber chfd. chamfered chrom. chromium chy. chimney c.i. cast iron circ. circular cistn. ci stern Il. centre line clg. cei ling c.l.m. cement : lime: mortar cln. ele an cir. ele ar c.m. cement mortar cnr./crnr. corner col. column comb. combined comm. common commsg. commissioning comp. composite compactg. compacting compd. compound compg. comprising conc. concrete conn. connection Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations 381 constn. construction cont. continuous cop. copper copg. coping cos. course cov. cover covd. covered cplg. coupling cr. contractor c/s cement/sand csd. coursed c.s.g. clear sheet glass c.s.v. circular soffit ventilator ct. cement/coat cub. cubic cultvtg. cultivating cupd. cupboard c.w. cold water dble. double ddt. deduct descd. described dia. diameter diagm. diagram dim./dimsd. dimensioned disch. discharge disp. disposal dist. distance distbn. distribution ditto./do. as before dn. down dom. domestic dp. deep dpc damp-proof course dr. door drg./dwg. drawing drn. drawn/drain ea. each edg'g edging effect. effective e.m.l. expanded metal lathing emuls. emulsion enam. enamelled 382 Building Quantities Explained eng. engineering Engl. English e.o. extra over equip. equipment E/S ensuite e.w.s. earthwork support ex. extra exc. excavate excvn. excavation excvtd. excavated excvtg. excavating exp. exposed expd. expanded ext. externa! facewk. facework f.bd. fibreboard f/c final coat fcd. faced fcg. facing fdn. foundation f.f. first floor/fair face fillg. fiii ing fin. finish/finished fittg. fitting Flem. Flemish flex. flexible flgd . flanged fir. floor fltd. floated follg. following formg. forming fr. frame furn. furniture fwd. forward fwk. formwork fxd./fxg. fixed/fixing g. gauge galv. galvanised gen. general g.f. ground floor g.l. ground level G.L.S. general lighting service Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations 383 glzg. glazing g.m. gauged mortar gran. granular grd. ground grp. group grtd. grouted grtg. grouting grvd. grooved grve. groove gtg. grating gth. girth gyp. gypsum H.A. highway authority h.b. half brick h.c. hard core hd. hard/head/hand hdd. headed hdrl. hand raii hg. hung hi. high hipd. hipped hkd. hooked hnchg. haunching holl. hollow hor. horizontal h.p. high pressure hps. heaps h.r. half round hsd. housed ht. height h.w. hollow wall hwd. hardwood imgry. ironmongery impreg. impregnated inc./incl. including in corp. incorporating individ. individual in-situ in position instln. installation instrs. instructions insul. insulation int. interna! 384 Building Quantities Explained intersec. intersection invt. invert irreg. irregular isol. isolated jb. jamb jst. joist jt. joint jtd. jointed jtg. jointing junctn. junction k.o. knock out k.p.s. knot, prime and stop la. large LA. local authority lapd. lapped ld. laid len. length lev. level lg. long ling. lining l.m. lime mortar l.o. linseed oii It. light ltwt. light weight LV. low voltage lyg. laying lyr. layer mach. machi ne manufac's manufacturer' s mat./matl. material max. maximum m.c.b. miniature circuit breaker mech. mechanical med. medium met. metal m/gd. make good m.gth. mean girth min. minimum/mineral mldg. moulding mo. moulded Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations 385 mors. mortices m.s. mild steel m/s measured separately mtce. morti ce mtr. mortar mull. mullion MUPVC modified unplasticised polyvinyl chloride mxd. mixed narr. narrow nat. natural ni. nail nom. nominal nr. number nt. neat o/a, ov'll overall o.b. one brick obtd. obtained o'hg. overhang O.P.ct. ordinary Portland cement opg. opening opp. opposite/opposing optd. operated ord. ordinary o.s. one side overfl. overflow pan. panel patt. pattern pavg. paving P.C. prime cost ped. pedestal/pedestrian perf. perforated/perforation perm. permanent pic. picture pl. plate pla. plaster plabd. plasterboard plgd. plugged plg'g plugging pin. plain pltd. plated p.m. purpose made 386 Building Quantities Ex plained pol. polished poly. polymer posn. position pr. pair prec. precast pre.conc. precast concrete prep. prepare presvn. preservation prev. previously prof. profit proj. projection/projecting prov. provide provsnl. provisional p&s plugged and screwed pt. pai nt/ part/ poi nt ptg. pointing ptn. partition purp. purpose PVC-U unplasticised polyvinyl chloride quad. quadrant qual. quality rad. radius rd. round/road rdd. rounded reb. rebated rec. recei ve rect. rectangular ref. reference reg. regular reinfd. reinforced retn. return rf. roof rg. ring rl. raii ro. rough rt. right/root rubd. rubbed r.w. rainwater RWG's rainwater goods san. sanitary ser. screw Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations 387 scrd. screed scrn. screen sd. sand s.e. stop end sec. section sel. selected serv. service sh. shape sht. sheet sk. sunk sktg. skirting smth. smooth sn. sawn soc. socket soff. soffit sold. soldered solv. solvent sp. spoil/space spec. special specfd. specified specfn. specification spld. splayed sprd. spread sprgs. sprigs sq. square s.s. stainless steel s & s spigot and socket s.s.o. switched socket outlet st/stne stone stagd. staggered staty. statutory std. standard sti. steel stret. stretcher strg. string strng. strain ing strt. straight struct. structural sty. storey suppt. support surf. surface surrd. surround susp. suspended s.v. sluice valve/stop valve 388 Building Quantities Explained s.w. surface water swd. softwood sym. symmetrical syn. synthetic tankg. tanking tapg./tapd. tapering/tapered tbr. timber t.c. terra cotta textd. textured t&g tongued and grooved th. thick thro./thrtd. throated tk. tank tr. trench t & r treads and risers trans. transome trpd. trapped trtd. treated trtmt. treatment trwld. trowelled tub. tubular u/c undercoat u/ly. underlay uncsd. uncoursed uprt. upright upstd. upstand u/s underside vac. vacuum vert. vertical vit. vitreous w. with w watts wd. wood wdw. window wethd. weathered wh. white wk. work wkg. working w.p. waterproof Appendix 1: List of Abbreviations 389 wrot. wrought wt. weight x-sec. cross section xtg. existing yd. yard Appendix 2: Mensuration Formulae Figure Area Square (side)2 Rectangle length x breadth Triangle ! x base x height or Jts(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)] where s = ! x sum of the three sides and a, b and c are the lengths of the three sides. Hexagon 2.6 x (side)2 Octagon 4.83 x (side)2 Trapezoid height x ! (base + top) Ci rele (22/7) x radius2 or (22/7) x diameter2 (7r?) (1!"02 14) circumference = 2 x (22/7) x radius (27rr) (22/7) x diameter (1!"0) Sector of Circle ! length of arc x radius Segment of Circle area of sector - area of triangle 390 Appendix 2: Mensuration Formulae 391 Figure Volume Surface Area Prism area of base x height circumference of base x height Cube (side)3 6 x (side)2 Cylinder (22/7) x radius2 x length 2 x (22/7) x radius x (length + radius) [27rr(h + r)] Sphere (4/3) x (22/7) x radius3 4 x (22/7) x radius2 (4/37r?) (47rr 2) Segment of (22/7) X (height/6) X curved surface = 2 x Sphere (3 radius2 + height2) (22/7) x radius x [(7rh/6) x (3r 2 + h2)] height (h) (27rrh) Pyramid t area of base x height ! circumference of base x slant height Cone t x (22/7) x radius2 x height (22/7) x radius x (11rr2h) slant height (/) 3 (7rr/) Frustum of t height [A+ B + y'(AB)] ! mean circum- Pyramid where A is area of large end ference x slant height and B is area of small end. Frustum of (22/7) X t height (R2 + + Rr) (22/7) x slant height x Cone where R is radius of large end (R+r) and r is radius of small end. [1r/(R + rl] rt 1rh(R2 + + Rr)] where 1 is slant height For Simpson's rufe and prismoidal formula see chapter 3. Appendix 3: Metric Conversion Table Length 1 in. = 25.44 mm (approximately 25 mm) ( then mm x 4 = inches) 100 1 ft = 304.8 mm (approximately 300 mm) 1 yd = 0.914 m (approximately 910 mm) 1 mile= 1.609 km (approximately km) 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd (approximately 1.1 yd) (10 m = 11 yd approximately) 1 km = 0.621 mile mile approximately) Area 1 ft2 = 0.093 m2 1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 1 acre= 0.405 ha (1 ha or hectare= 10 000 m2) 1 mile2 = 2.590 km2 1 m2 = 10.764ft2 = 1.196yd2 (approximately 1.2 yd2 ) 1 ha= 2.471 acres (approximately acres) 1 km2 = 0.386 mile2 Volume 1 ft3 = 0.028 m3 1 yd3 = 0.765 m3 1 m3 = 35.315 ft3 = 1.308 yd3 (approximately 1.3 yd3 ) 1 ft3 = 28.32litres (1000 litres = 1 m3 ) 1 gal= 4.5461itres 1 litre = 0.220 gal (approximately litres to the galion) Mass 11b = 0.454 kg (kilogram) 1 cwt = 50.80 kg (approximately 50 kg) 1 ton= 1.016tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg = 0.984ton) 1 kg = 2.205lb (approximately lb) Density 11b/ft3 = 16.019 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 = 0.0621b/ft3 Velocity 1 ft/s = 0.305 m/s 1 mile/h = 1.609 km/h 392 Appendix 3: Metric Conversion Table 393 Energy 1 therm = 105.506 MJ (megajoules) 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ (kilojoules) Thermal 1 Btu/ft2 h°F = 5.678 W/m2 °C (where W = watt) conductivity Temperature